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Most materials have the refractive index, n > 1 So, when a light ray from air enters a naturally occurring material, then by Snell’s it is understood that the refracted ray bends towards the normal But it never emerges on the same side of the normal as the incident ray According to electromagnetism, the refractive index of the medium is given by the relation, , where c is the speed of the electromagnetic waves in vacuum, v its speed in the medium, er and mr are negative, one must choose the negative root of n Such negative refractive index materials can now be artificially prepared and are called metamaterials They exhibit signficantly different optical behaviour, without violating any physical laws Since n is negative, it results in a change in the direction of propagation of the refracted light However, similar to normal materials, the frequency of light remains unchanged upon refraction even in metamaterials For light incident from air on a meta-material, the appropriate ray diagrams
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