Down’s syndrome is an example of:

______ mutations originate during meiosis while ______ mutation originates during mitosis.

Which of the following is not an effect of a mutation?

mutation occurs at genetic level/ nucleotide level or DNA level but its effect when polypetide is formed.
the change in nucleotide sequence causes change in genetic codes(amino acid sequence) which formed wrong polypeptide.
so the after the mutation the protein is formed and mutation is nothing is related with the amount of protein.

To cause a frame shift type of mutation, ______ must occur.

A frameshift variant occurs when there is an addition or loss of nucleotides that shifts the grouping and changes the code for all downstream amino acids. The resulting protein is usually nonfunctional. Insertions, deletions, and duplications can all be frameshift variants.
A frameshift mutation in a gene refers to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three. This is important because a cell reads a gene’s code in groups of three bases when making a protein. Each of these “triplet codons” corresponds to one of 20 different amino acids used to build a protein. If a mutation disrupts this normal reading frame, then the entire gene sequence following the mutation will be incorrectly read. This can result in the addition of the wrong amino acids to the protein and/or the creation of a codon that stops the protein from growing longer.

_______ is known as the process of repetitive replication of a chromosome segment.

gene amplification is also called gene duplication in which the number of nucleotides are added on the gene sequence due to which the number of chromosomes are changed from 23 to N+1.
¶ Gene duplications can arise as products of several types of errors in DNA replication and repair machinery as well as through fortuitous capture by selfish genetic elements. Common sources of gene duplications include ectopic recombination, retrotransposition event,aneuploidy,polyploidy, and replication slippage.

¶Duplication results from an unequal crossing-over between misaligned homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It may involve a replication of a portion of DNA, or of an entire chromosome. 

Damages and errors in the DNA can cause___________

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.
DNA repair, any of several mechanisms by which a cell maintains the integrity of its genetic code. DNA repair ensures the survival of a species by enabling parental DNA to be inherited as faithfully as possible by offspring. It also preserves the health of an individual.

DNA translation is the term used to describe the process of protein synthesis by ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum.  The genetic information in DNA is used as a basis to create messenger RNA (mRNA) by transcription.
Transcription, as related to genomics, is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. This copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the gene's protein information encoded in DNA.

Most common autosomal trisomy at birth is ________.

When one or more pieces of chromosome doubles and reunites at wrong sites it is called:

Mutations among members of a species arise due to:

"In chromosomal mutation the change involves in a particular part of chromosome so that a number of genes are also affected ". Whether this is: 

Evolution is the process by which large populations of species change over generations.
Genetic variations govern these changes. Genetic variations can arise from gene mutations or from genetic recombination (a normal process during which genetic material is rearranged when a cell is preparing to divide).
These variations often alter gene activity, or protein function, which may introduce different traits in an organism.
If a trait is advantageous and helps the individual survive and reproduce, the genetic variation is more likely to be passed to subsequent generations thus playing a role in evolution.

Additional information: The two important types of mutations are gene mutations, which can either be point mutations (happening in a single nucleotide) or
frameshift mutations (when a nucleotide or nucleotides are inserted/ deleted), and chromosomal mutations, which causes changes in the structure/ number of the entire chromosome

Concept of a sudden genetic change that breeds true in an organism is visualized as:

The concept of sudden genetic change, which breeds true in an organism is visualized as a mutation. Any sudden or spontaneous change in character which is inheritable is known as mutation. It is defined as the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form which may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.

Which is the INCORRECT statement regarding mutation?

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A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection. Germline mutations (that occur in eggs and sperm) can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations (that occur in body cells) are not passed on.
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Mutations may or may not produce detectable changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system, including junctional diversity. Mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variation, providing the raw material on which evolutionary forces such as natural selection can act.
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Generally, the mutations are:

Mutations are the sudden or induced change that caused the change in the DNA sequences. This leads to the change in the expression of the gene. So mutations are harmful most of the times. Mutation is of two types on the basis of genotype of allele i.e., recessive and dominant.

Mutations occurring due to errors in chromosome duplication during the process of gametogenesis and crossing over is by:

 

Errors during meiosis can alter the number of chromosomes in cells and lead to genetic disorders.
Inherited disorders can arise when chromosomes behave abnormally during meiosis. Chromosome disorders can be divided into two categories: abnormalities in chromosome number and chromosome structural rearrangements. Because even small segments of chromosomes can span many genes, chromosomal disorders are characteristically dramatic and often fatal.
nondisjunction, which occurs when pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis. The risk of nondisjunction increases with the age of the parents.

“Point Mutations” involve:

A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism's genome. Point mutations have a variety of effects on the downstream protein product—consequences that are moderately predictable based upon the specifics of the mutation. These consequences can range from no effect (e.g. synonymous mutations) to deleterious effects (e.g. frameshift mutations), with regard to protein production, composition, and function.

Cystic fibrosis occurs due to?

Cystic fibrosis is a disorder that damages your lungs, digestive tract and other organs. It's an inherited disease caused by a defective gene that can be passed from generation to generation. Cystic fibrosis affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices.
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¶Cystic fibrosis is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.^[1] It is caused by the presence of mutations in both copies of the gene for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. Those with a single working copy are carriers and otherwise mostly healthy. CFTR is involved in the production of sweat,digestivefluids, and mucus.
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