Physics-
General
Easy
Question
A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown in figure. The work done by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- Zero
The correct answer is: Zero
WBCOB = – Area of triangle BCO ![equals negative fraction numerator P subscript 0 end subscript V subscript 0 end subscript over denominator 2 end fraction](data:image/png;base64,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)
WAODA = + Area of triangle AOD ![equals plus fraction numerator P subscript 0 end subscript V subscript 0 end subscript over denominator 2 end fraction](data:image/png;base64,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)
Related Questions to study
Physics-
A system is taken through a cyclic process represented by a circle as shown. The heat absorbed by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAMIAAAB+CAYAAAB26c4/AAAgAElEQVR4nO2de1xUdf7/nwzXgeF+G0FB0AA1CfEK4i2voaamW94yyfRbpua6lltWutXWWllbKpalaVuia7vkLQ3zGoqKd1QkBUUuw1UYZoBhhpnP7w9/zuaKhXkkF87z8fDxgDnnvM6H43nP5/K+fGyEEAIZmRaO4vdugIzM/YBsCDIyyIYgIwPIhiAjA8iGICMDyIYgIwPIhiAjA8iGICMDyIYgIwPIhiAjA8iGICMDyIYgIwPIhiAjA9yhIVy6dInPPvuMixcvSt6QdevWkZSUJLmujExjuMkQKisrmTNnDnFxccTFxWGxWNi9ezdxcXEMGTKEV199FXt7e9RqNc888wyfffaZZA3p06cPhw4d4ssvv5RMU0amsdj8PB+hrKyMU6dOMX36dDZv3kxkZCQajYb169djsVgoKipiwYIF+Pn5UVxcjJOTE+7u7pI15tKlS0yZMoVDhw5Jpikj0xhu6hF8fHwYNGgQ7u7u1NfXI4SgtLQUlUqFEAK1Wo2fnx9vvPEG4eHhJCUlYbFYmDJlCp6enkRFRaFQKHj11Veprq6+6UZpaWkoFArUajWJiYmUl5czevRoFAoFffv2xWQy4evrS9u2bTlw4ECTPgQZmQbnCG3btkWj0VBdXc13333HmDFjMJlMeHt7A/D6668zYMAAbG1tUSgUvPPOOzzwwAPMmzePTZs2Add7lxtUVVUxceJEUlNTmTVrFnl5ebz33nv06tWLHTt2UFNTgxACW1tb/Pz8KC0ttV5rsViQk+hk7jUNGkJISAiFhYXs2rWLMWPGNEpIpVLRvn17ALRaLbW1tdZjH330EU899RSxsbG8+uqrjBkzBhsbGwYPHszQoUM5duwYDg4Ot2haLBZOnTqFRqORjUHmnmI1hGqDhcvFJi7kG3H07kDqqULSzhQjXELILoZKkxeFVUou5BvJL6vHVN/4F1Ov12NjY2P93WQyYTKZbvoMQAiBwWDAyckJgIKCAt599102bdp0k2HJyEiN3Y0fyqosHDxvoLzKTIXtg2SWmujYdzTfH6+hvl5BkfkBfrpchfNRHTa1BVzJ07Bjxw7GjRvHvn37yM3NZevWrVgsFo4dO0ZmZiahoaE4ODgwYsQIZs+ejb29PS4uLoSGhmIymUhMTCQ0NJSgoCAmTpyIyWTi4sWLBAcHYzab2bdvH4cPH+by5csMGTKEiIiIW4xHRkYKbBcvXrwYQFtt4WppPbV1AkdHR4KCgvDw8ABAoVBgMpnQaDS4urriqbKlV2Rr2oUG8dBDD6HT6YiIiCA4OJiQkBDat29Px44d8ff3x9bWluDgYACUSiVubm506tSJ8PBwFAoFSqUSb29vwsPD2bBhA1qtlsmTJ1NcXExGRgYZGRlERkbi4OBAp06dsLW1ves/eteuXbRr1+6udX6OVqslIyODwMBASXUzMjKA60NPKTh06BDe3t7Y29tLotdcsC6f5pbU8+O5WsqrzA2eaDQayc7ORqPRMGpwNH8YGISrUjrH9CeffMLFixeZOXMm7dq148qVK1RUVLBkyRImTpxIQEAAgYGBtGrV6q7vFRMTQ1pamgSt/g/nzp1j2bJlfPLJJ5LqLlq0iL59+zJw4EBJ9MaPH8/7779P69atJdFrLliHRgFetozs4UK95fZj/3qTO7WGWtxUSlwcpY3OGDVqFAqFAn9/fwBat25NYGAgSqUSZ2dnHnroIcnuJfW3NoCDgwO+vr6S63p5eeHs7CyZnlqtxs7O7tdPbGHY3O8FvhISEpg0aRKDBg2STPPnE3KpsFgs1NfXN7j6dTeYTCYUCoUkQ0KAuro6HBwc5LnWf9Eig+62b98uuWZlZeU98YifPHkSjUYjmd7+/ftvcXbKtFBDeP755yXXvHLlCh9++KHkumvXruXEiROS6b355ps3OSxlrtMiDSEqKkpyTRcXFx544AHJdYODg/H09JRMr0OHDjg6Okqm11xokbOmDz74QHLNoKAgZs2aJbnu5MmTcXV1lUxvwYIF+Pj4SKbXXGjSHkGn07F9+3br0mVubi5Lly5lwYIFLFiwgIqKiiZpx9mzZyXXrK2tJScnR3LdvLw8tFqtZHoXL17EaDRKptdcaDJDqK+vJy0tjY8//piTJ0+i1+tZuXIlNjY2REdHo1Kp+Mtf/tIkbXnnnXck1ywsLOSrr76SXHfLli1cuHBBMr1Vq1Y12RfO/xJNZgh6vZ4tW7YQGRkJXP+mKysrY8CAATzxxBPMnTuXTZs2NTiRe+GFF4iNjSUjI4Pa2lomTJjAgAEDSExMRK/X8/rrrxMbG8t7771HXV0dn376KbGxsUybNo2ioiK2bdvGI488wvDhw61OwdjYWIYMGcK2bdvIyclh7ty5xMbGsn79egwGA3/84x+JjY1l+vTpmEwmkpOTiY2N5YUXXuDcuXOsXLmShx9+mNjYWBISEvjTn/7Et99+S+/evfnDH/7AvHnziI+PJzY2lo8//pi6ujref/99YmNjefnllykvL2fNmjUMGjSIRx99FL1ez5UrV4iNjWXcuHHs37+fU6dOkZaWxuzZs9m1axdms5kpU6bQp08fXnvtNWpra/nkk0+swYylpaUkJSURGxvLiBEjyMvLIz09nVGjRjF06FBSU1MpLS1l1KhRxMbG8vXXX1NWVmZ9fh9++CFVVVUsWbKEfv368dhjj2GxWDh8+LD17zx58iTFxcXU1NQ01avTJDSZH2HmzJnMnz+fTZs24erqSufOnVmzZg3z5s2jc+fOAHh6erJv376bnGcJCQkMGzaMuLg4fH19sbe3p6SkBLPZjEqlQqVSUVlZSW1tLS4uLri7u6PT6dDpdDg4OODl5UVdXZ11eOHj40N5eTlmsxmFQoG7uzv29vZotVrq6upwd3fHxcWFa9euYTAYcHBwwMfHh7KyMvbu3cvu3bs5cuQIvr6+REdH07p1a4KDg/H398fDw4OamhpKSkooKysjNzeX9PR0fvzxR0aMGEHv3r3p0aMHbdq0wd3dnZqaGmtAop+fHxaLheLiYuzs7HB3d0ehUKDVajEajXh5eaFUKikpKaG+vh4nJyc8PT2tf6tSqcTd3Z3a2lq0Wi22trb4+PhgNpupqKhACGE9/8bQyN3dHaVSaY0WVqlUuLq6UlVVRU1NjTV/xGAwUF5ejr29Pe7u7tjZ2aFQKJqXL0I0AUuWLBFpaWmipKREvPPOO2L58uWirKxMjB49WuzZs0fU19eLAwcOiJ49e95y7dSpU8WuXbskbU99fX2jzzUajeLAgQNiyJAhIjIyUrz33nsiOztbmM3mm86zWCy3fHaD2tpasWHDBjF27FjRtm1bsWzZMlFWViYsFsuv3t9sNjfqvMZyuza2dJrEEBISEkRoaKgIDg4WXl5eIiQkRKxfv16cOHFCDBkyRISGhorQ0FCRn59/y7X3whD8/f1/9Zzq6mpx9uxZMXv2bNGrVy+RnJwsjEbjbc8/fvy4ePTRR39R02KxiKysLDFt2jQxfPhwkZycLEpKSn7x5XzuuefE5s2bf7W9jSUuLk7k5ORIptdcaJLl0zVr1gBQXl7O559/jqurKxMmTADg+++/b4om3ISXl9cvHi8qKmLDhg0kJyczceJE/vKXv/zqWr6dnR1ubm6/eI6NjQ1hYWEsX76cgwcPsm7dOvbv38/UqVPp3LkzCsWtUzYXFxdJwzbc3d0lC9doTljDsJsCi8VCbW0tarWa0NDQRl1zo4hAY89vDA4ODnTt2rXBY1lZWaxdu5bc3Fzeeusthg0bhlKp/FVNGxsbPDw8CA8P/9Vz7ezsCA0NJSYmhkuXLrFv3z5cXFxo27btLefa29vTrl07yZxq9vb2PPjgg7JT7b9oUoeaSqVi+PDhTXnLBhkwYECDnx87dox//etftGrVimeffRa1Wt1oTTc3N6Kjo++oHWq1mjlz5rBjxw42bNiARqOx9pQ36NixIy4uLnek+0v07NmzUYbd0miRIRYLFy685bNz586xadMmwsLCSEhIuCMjAMjPz2fVqlV33BZnZ2fGjh3LU089xdatW0lOTr7p+MaNG63JOVLw97//nfLycsn0mgstMsRi//79N/2em5vLxo0bCQ0NZezYsb8ppKGqqopTp0795jbFxMTg5OTEe++9h7u7Ow8//DAAFy5caHDI9FtJT0+X878boEX2CG+//bb152vXrpGUlITBYGDUqFG/OuG9HW3atGHGjBl31a6HHnqICRMmsGLFCk6fPg3A448/bvWzSMHcuXOtZXlk/kOLNISnnnoKuD55P3PmDEeOHOGZZ5654+HQz/Hx8eGRRx65q3YpFAoefvhh+vbty6effkpdXR19+/aVtEcYM2bMbzb25kyLNIQpU6YA13uDzZs3M3bsWMLCwu5KMycnh7feeuuu2+bi4kJ8fDxOTk7s2rWLxMREjh49ete6N1iwYAHFxcWS6TUXWqQh7N69GyEEhw4d4uLFi4wcOfKuNbVaLcePH5egdddzEDp16kRKSgp79uyR9MU9fPhws4sTkoIWaQjDhg1Dr9ezbt06Zs+eLUkhYw8PD3r27ClB6677Ofr3749SqaS6ulrSogB9+vSRtBhAc6FFrhqtXbuWH374AZ1OJ1mZlNDQUF555RVJtOB62c22bdtKnvn284UCmf/QInuExYsXk5yczLhx4yQrbVJQUGANJZEChUJBly5duHz5Mj/99JNkusuXL+fatWuS6TUXWqQhfPLJJ2zfvv2uV3l+TnFxMZs3b5ZMDyAiIgKTyURBQQEWi0USzY0bN0qa8dZcaJFDo/bt26NUKiUt9KVSqejUqZNkenA9QE6tVpOVlYVOp5NkLhMVFSV5TafmQIs0hH79+uHm5tZgtOdvpV27dg2GbtwNNjY2DBgwgEOHDlFdXS2JIbz99tuSxi41F5pkaGSxWBgwYACOjo6EhYWxYcMGhBCkpqYSGRmJo6MjDg4OZGdnN0VzOHv2rLUwsVTodDqrN1hKampqKCwslCzh/vjx43KIRQM0iSHs2LEDX19fDAYD77zzDlu2bCEjI4MPP/yQxMRE6urqOHz4MOPGjaO+vv6et+fIkSOSF8HNyclhyZIlkmoC7N27l6NHj0pmCK+99holJSWSaDUnmsQQhg8fzldffcX+/fvJyclh4MCBmEwmfHx8rN19dHQ0V69eJS8v7563R6FQSF4IWKlUSt7LALRq1Qqj0YjJZJJE78aeFTI302RzBIPBwNatWwHo1KkT1dXVVFVVUVdXB0BJSQkqlarB7Knvv/+evLw8hg8fjqenJ9u2bUOv19OhQwciIyNJS0sjJyeHiIgIevTowenTpzl9+jS+vr70798fjUbDsWPHsLGxYejQoTg5ObFz507c3Nzo0aMHPj4+pKenU1BQQPfu3YmIiGDPnj0UFBTg6+vLI488wsWLF0lLSyMwMJDu3btTVlZGeno6dXV1jB49Gg8PDwIDA/nqq6/o2rUrISEh7N69m5KSEiIjI4mKiuLo0aNcuHCB4OBgYmJiyMrK4uzZs9jb2zNmzBhqampITk7G1dWV7t274+TkhIeHBzY2NpSVlWGxWNi6dSuVlZUEBwcTFxfH6dOnOXPmDCEhIfTo0YPLly9z9OhRlEol8fHx6PV6UlNTqa+vp0+fPsybN4+9e/diMpno3r07oaGhpKenk5OTQ8eOHYmKiuL48eNcunQJpVLJuHHjKCwsJCUlBW9vb3r06IGrqysODg7Nao+FJjMENzc3li5dysGDB/n666958skniY6O5p///Cfbt28nLy+PWbNmERQUdMu1xcXFuLi4UFdXhxCCgoICKisrUavVWCwWSktLyc3NxdfXF4vFQkVFBbm5uZhMJsxmM3q9nry8PGxsbKxbVmVmZtKqVSs6duyIu7s7RUVF5ObmEh4ejhCCkpIScnNzrUM1nU5Hbm4utra2GI1G9Ho9V69exWAwYDKZ0Ov1pKenYzabCQsLs27Hm5eXR1BQEEIIysvLyc3NRalUYjabqays5OrVqzg6OiKEwGQykZubi4eHh3UF6tSpU+h0OuvyaWFhIaWlpTg7O2OxWKisrCQ3NxeVSkV9fT1arZbc3FxcXFwwmUwYDAby8vIwmUzU1NRw5coVLl++bG2n2Wy2Pr8bz/NGO29sTlJbW0tubi5GoxGDwYBSqWx+peWbIjH6q6++Env27BFCCJGSkiISEhJEVlaWKC4uFt988434/PPPxeeffy50Ot0t196L5P3AwECRnp4uqWZGRoaYNm2apJpCCPHnP/9ZREZGigsXLkiiN3bsWHH16lVJtJoTTWLWAQEBzJw5kzZt2uDp6cnjjz9OUFAQTk5OjB07timacBP19fXk5+fTrVs3yTSNRuM9qTKt1WpRqVSSDUOKi4ubZEHif40mMYS4uDir19XJyQk/P7/f1akzYcIErl69Kqlmp06dWLlypaSaAIMHD8bJyUmyCe769evvKu+iudIkq0b29vaEhYURFhZm7Ql+T3r37k1qaqqkmo6OjgQEBEiqCVBaWkqrVq0kixht06ZNs5rkSkWLjDWaNWsWKSkp6HQ6yTRPnDjBqFGjJNOD69s8HT161FoiUgr69OnD5cuXJdFqTrRIQ3B3dyc+Pp4dO3ZIpmlrayt56MKFCxfIy8vD1dVVsqJcKpVK0tCS5kKLfCKzZ89m9OjRfPvtt5JFdarVasaNGyeJFoAQgoyMDLy8vGjTpo1kupMnT7buny3zH1qkIYwYMcLqaJMqPsjDw4OYmBhJtOD66s758+eJjo5u0LfyW+nfv7+codYALdIQXn/9dXx8fJg0aRIrVqyQZJfJ/Px8Vq9eLUHrri/vpqamUl1dTXFxsaSJOcuWLZMTcxqgRRpCSkoKCoWCwYMHY7FYOHDgwF1rarVa0tPTJWgdaDQaTpw4QXR0NFqtlqKiIkl0AQ4ePCgn7zdAM/OTN45FixYB1x19I0eOZMOGDURGRt5VIF5gYCAJCQl33TaDwcDevXu5du0aw4cPJzAwkJCQkLvWvcHzzz//q9XAWyItskeYNm0acN2/0atXL/z8/Fi9evVdDZH8/PzuusCxEIIzZ86wYcMGxo8fj7e3N/3795fUEMaOHSsX+GqAFmkIzzzzjPXnVq1a8fTTT1NUVMR33333m1eRcnJyePfdd++qXXq9nrfeeospU6bQv39/bGxs+Oyzzzh27Nhd6f4cOR+hYVqkIaSkpNz0e4cOHZgwYQL79u1jz549vyn2X6vV3lVFutLSUubMmcOAAQMYP3689fOMjAx5jtAEtMg5Qt++fW/5rE+fPlRUVPDvf/8bo9FI3759rWHIjcHNze2mTRAbi8lk4qeffiIxMZFWrVrxxz/+8abjERERkhb46tatm7w/QgM02a6av5WEhAQmTZrEoEGDmuR+e/fu5ZtvviEsLIwnnnjingaoabVa9uzZw86dO+nWrRvTp0+/Z/eS+WVa5NDovffeu+2xAQMGMH36dHJycnjjjTfYtWtXoybRGo2GpKSkRt3faDSSkZFBYmIiO3bsYMSIEbddcdq2bRtZWVmN0m0Ma9askTccb4AmM4QlS5bw9NNPM3fuXPbs2QNAdnY2Cxcu5Omnn+bpp59usp1cli5d+ovHo6Ki+NOf/kS3bt3Yvn07L730Emlpab8Yx6/RaNiwYcMv6or/n123bNkyli1bhoODAzNmzGDo0KG3zfj67rvvJDWEL774gsrKSsn0mgtNMkfYu3cvW7du5Y033uDIkSOsWbMGPz8/Vq1axYMPPsjAgQM5d+4cL774oqRlE29Hjx49fvWcoKAgpkyZwsWLF/nxxx9ZuXIlq1atYtiwYfTp04dWrVrdtOG2SqWiQ4cODWoZjUYOHjzI3r17OXXqFN27d2fy5MlERkbi7u7+ixt3t2vXTtJ1/86dO//uYfD3I00yR9Dr9VRWVtK6dWt27tzJN998w9ixY0lOTmbmzJlERUVhMBho27Ytp06dumlcfi/mCCUlJfj5+TX6fIPBQEFBAcePH+fQoUMcOXKEkJAQ4uLiaN26NWq1Gm9vbxwcHHByckKj0VBUVERRUREnT54kJSWFqKgoevfuTY8ePXjggQdwdXVtVBSoVqvF0dFRspe3vLwcDw8PeYvZ/6JJegSVSoVKpSI9PZ13332XTz/91Fq06sZ/iJOTE3V1dRQVFd3zDKqTJ08ydOjQRp/v5OREu3btCAkJYezYsej1en788UfS0tJIS0ujoKCAgoICSktLUalUBAYGEhgYSEBAAJGRkbz00kv4+vqiUCiwsbH5xR7gv8nNzcXPz0+yZ5KZmUl0dLQcePffNEVidG1trfjb3/4munTpIjQajSgtLRVFRUVi4sSJYsuWLUKj0YgtW7aIwYMH33Lt1KlThZeXl1Cr1eLo0aNCr9eLuLg40bZtW/Hmm28KrVYrnn32WaFWq8VLL70kamtrxTvvvCPUarUYNmyYyMvLE+vXrxcdO3YUDz74oMjMzBT+/v5CrVaLsLAwsX79epGZmSmeeOIJoVarRWJioqiurhYTJkwQarVaxMfHi7q6OrF27VqhVqvF448/Ls6fPy+SkpJEeHi4UKvVIjMzUxw/flw4OjqK9u3bizVr1ojy8nIxcuRIoVarxdtvvy1qa2vFggULhFqtFgkJCaK4uFgsXbpUtG/fXkRFRYmqqiqRlZUl1Gq16NGjh/juu+9EWlqaiImJEZ6eniI5OVmYTCbx8MMPi9atW4sZM2aI6upq8fbbbwu1Wi1mzJghCgsLxcqVK4VarRadO3cW2dnZYv/+/SIqKkpERESIlJQUERcXJ3x9fYVarRYrVqwQRUVF4v/+7/+EWq0WCxcuFBUVFWL+/PkiKChIdOvWTZjNZrFnzx6hVqvF4MGDxcGDB0V+fn6DhRb+l2kSQ0hJSRE9e/a0/ps4caI4fPiwOHPmjHjiiSesnxcWFt5y7b2oYhETEyOpnhBCnDt3Tjz77LOS6y5atEjs3r1bMr0JEyaIvLw8yfSaCy3Sj3Dy5Em6dOkimR5cr1FaUFAg6aYeAFeuXMHDw0OyZJrMzExCQ0NxdHSURK+50CL9CPdiMz2TyXRP4vyrqqowGAyS6ZWXl2M2myXTay60SEO4EYYtJfn5+fdk6febb77h3LlzkunJiTkN0yINITc3V3LNGyteUlNWViZJBt0NCgsLJSso3JxokUF3u3btklwzIiKCDz74QHLdl19+WdL8gdWrV0teCbw50CINoXPnzpJrOjs7065dO8l1paxgAdz1xurNlRY5NLoXDrt7UeALYObMmWzZskUyPbnAV8O0SEO4kzyDxmJra3tP4vwdHR0lLcHu7OwsF/hqgBb5RJ577jnJNf38/Bg9erTkuoMGDZJ0yDV+/HjJykc2J1rkHOHxxx+XXNPb25uHH35Yct1evXpJ2tM88sgj96RH/F+nRfYIb775puSaBQUFrF27VnLd5ORkzp8/L5leYmKi7EdogBZpCFJOPm9QUVHBwYMHJdc9ceIEhYWFkunt3btXUr9Ec6FFDo0WLFgguWZAQACTJk2SXHfkyJGSzhGeeeYZPD09JdNrLrTIoLuamhrJ4/EtFgsmk0nyYLYbORtSJdIYDAYcHR3vKCeiJdDkQ6P8/HymTZuGnZ0ddnZ2bNy4scld/rNnz5Zc88qVK3z44YeS665du5YTJ05IpvfWW2/dk73e/tdpUkMwGAxs2bIFd3d36uvrycrKYt26dU2yyfjP2b59u+SalZWVpKWlSa576tQpNBqNZHr79++X5wgN0KSGoNfrqaiooH379sD1xPSamhqys7NpyhGalLtp3sDFxYXw8HDJdUNCQiRN3u/UqZOci9AATTpZtrGxob6+nqqqKuD6Jt52dnZN7unctm2b5Jrh4eF3Xfu0IV588UVJ9T755BNJ9ZoLTfoGuru7Exsby5UrV3j33Xd58803iY6OpkuXLk06eVuxYoXkmsXFxfz73/+WXHfXrl1cunRJMr3169ej1Wol0/stGAwGzp8/T35+/u/ajp/TpIZgZ2dHTEwMf/jDH3B2diYoKIjp06c3+Z5e98qhtm7dOsl1pXaorVy58nd3qNnY2FBTU8OXX37Jp59+el9U3rvvl0+fffZZzp07J+k4+fvvv7+jci6NQavVkpWV1ajiYXfCmTNnJC3nkpqael+Uc6mrq+Ps2bPU19fTo0cPli5dKnm+951w3xtCfn4+5eXlTTqZlrn3XLt2jVWrVlFbW8uECRMYPnw4rq6uv1t77ntDkPnfIz09nS+//JKpU6fStWvXW45XV1dz5MgRjEYj3bp1w9PTE1tbWywWC126dMHBwYHly5fTs2fPO7733/72N8rKynj//ffv6LoWGWskc/e88cYbeHp6olKpcHNzo3Xr1nz11VecPn2atWvXMnz4cLp27Urv3r3561//etO1Dg4OxMbGMmzYMHx8fKxec4VCYY0DCw0NtZ6/dOlS/Pz8cHFxwc3NDV9fXz7//PMGRwl//vOfsbW1Ze7cuXf099y3PYLRaKS4uNi61BocHPybw4e1Wi3FxcVWD3ZoaChKpZJr165ZnVWenp74+/v/aihDVVUVQghr7dKqqiqrQ9DFxYU2bdpga2tLbW0thYWF1lIsYWFh2Nvb31a3qKgINzc3nJ2drbVWb1wbEBCAh4cHOp3Oei+lUklQUNAvJu3U1dWRn59vDato1aoVLi4uVh0hBE5OTgQHB2NnZ4fBYECj0Vh31Gnfvv0v+hyefPJJXnvtNUJDQ0lMTGTjxo1MmjSJ0tJS5s+fT3V1NeXl5ajVajw8PCgoKECv12Nvb4/BYMDX1xcfH5+bls8PHDjA6tWrWbFiBSUlJfj4+ODm5sZzzz3HjBkz6NKlC59//jnLli1jz5492NjYWP8P7e3tCQkJwd7enqCgIM6fP9/od+a+DLozm80cOXKE1atXU1JSgk6nY+LEiUyfPv03ZXjWEeQAAAiXSURBVGvt37+fL774grq6OgA+/PBDAgMD+etf/0pmZiZGo5GIiAjmzJlz25xeo9FIdnY269evp02bNjzxxBM4OjqyZMkSTp48SX19Pb6+vsybN4/IyEi+/fZbkpOTrU7El156iTFjxtyiq9frOX78OB9//DHz588nJiaG7OxsFi1aZH0h58yZQ+/evfnoo49IS0vDbDbj6urK/Pnz6dWr1y8+w8WLF+Pk5IRer+f5558nPj6exMREDhw4gNlsxtHRkRdffJFevXrxww8/kJSUREVFBVqtlpkzZ942kFCv15OdnY1arUYIgU6nw8fHB61Wi7e3Ny4uLiQnJ/Pqq69aS/+vWbOGVatW0bVrV65evcqoUaOYO3euddVQCMHp06d56KGH2Lx5M6mpqUyePJmoqChycnKsOwdVVlbywAMPUF9fz4oVK9i3bx8lJSW4ubmRnJxMYGAgMTEx7N69u9Hps/elIVRVVbFv3z6io6OZM2cOhYWFjBo1itGjR9OqVas71vPz8+P111+/qbrdwYMHSUtL49ChQ+j1ej744AN27txp/Ub5b25s7rF161brw83MzCQpKYmcnBzq6upISkriH//4B7NmzeK7777jhRdeoHfv3uTk5DBkyBCGDBmCi4vLLX/rrl272L59O/Pnzweup5I+/fTTxMfHW8/LyMhg48aNnD17FpPJxObNm/nss8+IiopqsFK22Wymrq6OGTNmMH78eF599VXOnDlDQEAAmzZt4vDhw9jY2LBz504SExNp06YNKSkpPPbYY4wdO5arV68SFxfHo48+2uAk9tSpUzg6OrJ27VpsbW3Jz89nxowZnDx50nr+5MmT2bhxIwqFAltbW6ZOncr3339PQkICRqOREydOUFlZedPy+f79++nUqRNeXl68//77uLi4cOTIERQKBUlJSbi6upKZmcns2bPZuXMnxcXF/POf/+TTTz/F0dHRWvHD19f3jpZl78s5QlVVFdXV1dZvgICAAPR6/W9KOtfr9Zw4cYLly5ezcOFCtm3bhtFo5MyZM9blOpVKhbOzM/n5+beNw1GpVDz++OMMGTLE+llmZiYRERHA9dxiLy8vCgsLyczMRKlUWl/60NBQSktLG3QgBQQE8NZbb1mXM00mE+fPn2fdunUsXLiQr7/+mvLycn766SdrOLa9vT1+fn5oNJrb+gQcHBwYPHgw48eP59ChQ5jNZgYOHIhGoyEoKAi4nmetVqvRaDRcuHABwJrGGRQURHl5+W1rQF28eJE2bdpQVVVFTU0N8+fPb1ToilKpxN/fH7geBWw0Gq3HysvLSU1NJScnh/bt21ufX05ODv7+/tTU1HDt2jUWLFhAeHg42dnZDBw4EHd3d65cuUJ4ePhvzua7L3sElUqFvb29dRvU/Px8XF1dCQgIuGMtOzs7unbtav2mWLFiBf7+/oSFhVkzynQ6HTU1NajV6jt6kKGhoZw9exa47i0tKytDrVYTEhJCVVUVer0euP7S+Pn5NWpTQIVCQUhICCNHjgTghx9+QKFQEBQUxE8//QRcN5bi4mLUavUv1jzS6/Vs3ryZzMxMHnvsMSIjIzl//jw5OTnA9V6jsLAQtVpN27ZtMZlM1t10Ll++jI+Pzy3+i7IqM1n5RvadM9Ou11Siu3fHVmHLpUrQ5VVxtTaYa4Uqvj9eg6+7LXWmxk9BT5w4QXh4OAMGDGDr1q3ExcUBcOHCBeLj4xk9ejQODg4AXL16lcrKShwcHEhNTeXixYv4+/tbh87Xrl27o9zs+9IQPD09iY+PZ+XKlfTr14/q6mqee+45WrdufcdaTk5O9OzZ07oUt2vXLrKyshgzZgz9+/enX79+mEwmunTpwqRJk247OdRqtaxbt46kpCRsbW1xcXFh2rRpPPPMM/Tr1w+z2UxgYCCvvPIKERERjBs3jvfff5+FCxdSVVXFRx991KBT8PLly7z88svodDrmzJnDokWLGDFihLWnKSgoIC8vj4EDB5KQkEC/fv2wWCx4eXnx+uuv33YyaDAY2Lhxo7W85Y8//ki3bt2YNWsWTz31FIMGDbLONRYtWkT79u0ZNWoUX3zxBcuWLUOn07F06VJ8fHxu0i2rqGb1+r3sPZrL0XNlOPs+aH05LRYH6uwCKSwoJ+ByNdfyT5N54SLvvvsuQ4cOZdWqVRw/fpy3334bJycnDh06xIMPPkjr1q1xdnbm66+/Zvjw4cTGxvKvf/2LJ598EhsbG/bs2YOHhwd9+/a1Gqanpydt27bllVdeITw8nPLycp5//nm2bdtGYGAghw4dYvHixY1+T+7bVaP6+noqKiqsE0Z/f//ftGvMwYMH2b59O5MmTcLPz4/4+Hj+/ve/07t3b3Q6nXVooVKp8PT0vG0AoMViobKyEp1OB4CrqyseHh4YDAZrfL+Tk5N1Q5C6ujrKy8utK1WBgYENTvRNJhMlJSXU19djY2NDXV0dH3/8MY899hhdu3Zl7ty59OzZk6eeegqLxWK9l6OjI76+vrdd5RJCUFVVddN+aU5OTnh7e2MymSgtLUUIgb29vXW1zGg0UlFRcdNq1X/Ply4XGUk5do3ia9cXHtzc3G6KE9NoNJw8eZIOHToQ81AbHmpTi9LeQkBAAFqtlurqauzt7a3PyMPDw7oCV1JSglKptK7o3dizrqFnKISwrko5OjpaE6NuLIIUFRWxfPnyRic03beGIBU6nY433njDuoHgZ599xpNPPmn9FrvfMJlMbNy4kSlTpgAwb948Xn75Zby9vX/nll0nt8TEj+cMlFfdvqJ2Xl4eJ0+eZFx8L56Mb49K2XRT0cWLF1NSUsKKFSvuKJCz2RuCjExjuC9XjWRkmhrZEGRkkA1BRgaQDUFGBpANQUYGkA1BRgaQDUFGBpANQUYGkA1BRgaQDUFGBpANQUYGkA1BRgaQDUFGBpANQUYGgP8HWbDxy4ICGA4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
A system is taken through a cyclic process represented by a circle as shown. The heat absorbed by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the diagrams (i) to (iv) of variation of volume with changing pressure is shown. A gas is taken along the path ABCD. The change in internal energy of the gas will be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
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)
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x2O7y9vSEWi5GRkYFTp07Bz88POTk5MJlMsFqtiI6OxooVKyCVSsFgMODv7//YwFIjSWNjI2JiYpCXl4exY8eSVgfpLcDTiEQiRERE4Ny5c2AwGAgKCvJYD5k7/fXXX/j0009x4MABlJaWkvo1dtJfzYCAADCZTJjN5j5fsAAeDCYxYcIEbNq0CQKBACkpKY7nNBoNIiIiPF2uS0yZMgUHDx6E1WoFj8dze3//05DeAojFYnh5eUGr1aKmpgaFhYUoLS1FUVERGAwG4uLisHTpUkilUjCZTMffnT9/HhkZGSRW7jw/Pz+Eh4cjKipqwFFR3I30cwEGgwFffvkleDwe3nvvPfD5/Ke+IL29vSgtLcWaNWvw77//erDS0Yn0FsDf3x/5+fno7OzEtWvX+ozz8yT19fXYs2cPvfNdhPQWgEYu0lsAGrnoAFAcHQCKowNAcf8HqsqiNKyfMWUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
In the diagrams (i) to (iv) of variation of volume with changing pressure is shown. A gas is taken along the path ABCD. The change in internal energy of the gas will be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
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)
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x2O7y9vSEWi5GRkYFTp07Bz88POTk5MJlMsFqtiI6OxooVKyCVSsFgMODv7//YwFIjSWNjI2JiYpCXl4exY8eSVgfpLcDTiEQiRERE4Ny5c2AwGAgKCvJYD5k7/fXXX/j0009x4MABlJaWkvo1dtJfzYCAADCZTJjN5j5fsAAeDCYxYcIEbNq0CQKBACkpKY7nNBoNIiIiPF2uS0yZMgUHDx6E1WoFj8dze3//05DeAojFYnh5eUGr1aKmpgaFhYUoLS1FUVERGAwG4uLisHTpUkilUjCZTMffnT9/HhkZGSRW7jw/Pz+Eh4cjKipqwFFR3I30cwEGgwFffvkleDwe3nvvPfD5/Ke+IL29vSgtLcWaNWvw77//erDS0Yn0FsDf3x/5+fno7OzEtWvX+ozz8yT19fXYs2cPvfNdhPQWgEYu0lsAGrnoAFAcHQCKowNAcf8HqsqiNKyfMWUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
Physics-General
Physics-
A thermodynamic system is taken from state A to B along ACB and is brought back to A along BDA as shown in the PV diagram. The net work done during the complete cycle is given by the area
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)
A thermodynamic system is taken from state A to B along ACB and is brought back to A along BDA as shown in the PV diagram. The net work done during the complete cycle is given by the area
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a cyclic process shown in figure is
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)
Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a cyclic process shown in figure is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCA as shown in the P-V diagram. The net work done by the gas during the cycle is equal to
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCA as shown in the P-V diagram. The net work done by the gas during the cycle is equal to
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work done by the gas in one cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJwAAACCCAYAAACzZKGmAAASAUlEQVR4nO3de1BU5R/H8fcu7LJycZMEhCSEFEVSzAuSSkjiJdIUMSwz06aa0TJryrRG03/CaTTTbo6ONRWO5k6MSpEGaTlaajaGqCjlFYRVkIvLbdk9u+f3R792sgRlhb0+r79c9uw5X3c/+5zzPOfZcxSyLMsIgoMonV2A4F1E4ASHEoETHEoETnAoETjBoUTgBIcSgRMcSgROcCgROMGhROAEh3JI4CRJoqKiwhGbElycXYGrr6+nvLycsrIyysrKqKiooLm5uc3lT548yZw5cygvL7e7UMEz2BW4rVu3MmbMGKZNm8bMmTOZOnUqX3zxBZIk/WdZSZJYt24dJ06c4JtvvrnpMoL3sCtwCxYsICEhgby8PPbv389TTz1FXl4eLS0t/1n21KlTXL16FbPZzPnz57l48eIdFy24L7sCd+3aNWprawkJCcFsNlNWVsaQIUMICgr6z7KnTp1i8eLFREVFMWfOHGpqajCZTHdcuOCefO15UVFREUajkTfffBOlUkn37t2ZPXv2TZdNTk7G19cXtVpNXFwczc3NiCl43suuwJ09e5bRo0czfPhw1Go1o0ePJjw8/KbLRkZGotfrAVCpVGi1WvurFdyeXYE7fvw406dPJy0tDYVC0dk1CR6sQ8dw169fZ8GCBWzZsoV58+aJYzGhwxQd/U2D2WzGarUC4Ofnd1uv0ev1TJ06lV9//bXjFQoepcO7VJVK1RV1CF5CnEsVHEoETnCoDu9Si4uLbeNw8NcudvTo0cTGxnZ6cYLn6XAL19jYSE5ODr/99ht6vZ78/HzWrFlDY2NjV9QneJg2W7jCwkJ0Op3tcUREBI8//jijRo2iR48eLFq0iPj4eHQ6HdnZ2fj4+LS7oYsXL/L888+TmJjIE088QUFBAfv27SMgIIB3332XCxcusGrVKiIiIsjKykKWZXQ6HXq9nldffZW4uDhWrFhBdXU1Dz30ENOmTWPbtm0cOnSI5ORkZs6cye7du8nPzycqKor58+dz+vRpcnNzUSgULF68GD8/P5YsWUJAQABZWVlERkayfft2SktLefLJJ0lOTub999/n7NmzDBgwgIULF7J3715yc3NJSEhg5syZnDx5Ep1Oh4+PD8uWLaOxsZFNmzbR2trKgw8+iEqlYvz48XTv3r3zPiUP0mbgTp48SXx8PAMGDODSpUtUV1fTq1cvKioq8PPzs72h27dvZ/r06XTr1q3dDfXo0YPMzEwiIiLw8/Nj0KBBdO/eHZVKhUKhIDg4mMzMTAIDAwkLCwNgwoQJNDY23vC4ubmZyMhIVCoVI0aMICIigsjISHx9fYmPj0ej0aDVavH396dPnz5MmTIFhUJBUFAQvr6+ZGZmolariYqKIigoiJSUFO6//3769u2Lj48PKSkpJCQkcPfdd+Pj40P//v3JzMwkNDSUgIAA7rvvPjIyMlAqlQQFBeHn50d6ejrV1dUUFhZy4MABhg4dKgLXFrkNa9eulZuammSTySQfO3ZMPnjwoCzLslxYWCgnJCTIAwYMkAcNGiRv2LBBrq2tbWs1sizLcmVlpTxixIh2l3F3Op1OXrRokRwdHS2XlpY6uxyX1WYLN3/+fDQaDZWVlRw9epRnn30WgMrKSubOnUtmZiYBAQEEBgYC8OOPP1JfX09GRoZjvikupKSkhMOHD/PII49QXFzs7HJcWpudBo1GgyRJnD59moEDB+Lr64vZbOb3338nPDycsLAwgoODUavVqNVqNBqN7SS9N2lqaqKwsBB/f38SExNRKsVIU3vafXdqa2spKipizJgxNDY2kp2dTX5+PsuXL78hXLIsI0kSZrMZi8XS5UW7CovFwpEjRzhz5gwzZsygR48ezi7J5bUbuO3bt5OcnAxAYGAgK1as4I8//uCPP/4gKirKtpwkSUiShEajwWAwdG3FLkKWZS5fvkx+fj6pqakkJCQ4uyS30O7AryzLJCYm3nIlKpWK1NRUUlNTO60wV2c2m/nuu+9QKpWkpaU5uxy30W4L9/LLLzuqDrfz66+/cujQIebOnUtwcLCzy3Eb4gjXDnV1daxfv54pU6YQHx/v7HLcigicHd577z2ioqKYNGmSs0txO3ZNMfdmu3fvpqSkhA0bNtz0V2pC+0QL1wHV1dV89NFHzJ8/33a6TegYEbgOWL16NUlJSaSkpDi7FLclAncbrFYr33zzDVeuXGHu3Lmo1Wpnl+S2ROBuw6VLl/j++++ZNm2a2JXeIRG4WzAYDOzcuZN77rmH5ORk0brdIRG4dkiSxOHDh7l48SITJkwgJCTE2SW5PRG4dly+fJkff/yRYcOGMXDgQGeX4xFE4NrQ2NjInj17UCqVpKen33JGs3B7ROBuQpZlzpw5w8GDB8nIyKBnz57OLsljiMDdRGtrKx9++CFpaWkMGTLE2eV4FBG4m9i4cSMAs2fPxtdXnP3rTOLd/JfS0lI+//xztm/fLsLWBUQL9w/19fW89tprLFmyRFxJoIuIwP2fyWRi48aNREZG8sQTTzi7HI8lAvd/Bw8epLi4mFdeecXZpXg0ETjgwoUL6HQ6ZsyYwX333efscjya1weupaWFHTt2EB4ezkMPPSQ6Cl3M6wN34MABysrKePTRR7nrrrucXY7H8+rAnT9/noKCAhITExk8ePAtrwAl3DmvDZzRaOSnn35CoVDw8MMPi2lHDuK1gTt58iT79+8nMzOTXr16Obscr+GVgauqqkKn0zFixAiSkpKcXY5X8brAWa1W9u3bR11dHY8//rizy/E6Xhe406dPo9PpeO6558TvE5zAqwLX0NDA6tWrefjhhxk5cqSzy/FKXhW4zz77jKamJqZPn+7sUryW1wyrFxQU8OWXX+Ln52e7TKzgeB7fwhkMBr7++mvefvttTp8+TUtLCwEBAZ2+nYaGBtst2Jubm7ly5Uqnb8MTeHzgzGYzhw4dwsfHh5iYGGJiYrrkjEJpaSlHjhyhqamJ0tJSvv32207fhifw+MAVFxdTWVnJ0qVL2bFjBzExMV2ynfj4eAoKCjh16hRvvPEGgwYN6pLtuDuPDlxVVRU7d+5k0qRJjB8/nn79+pGZmdkl2+rWrRtTp04lKiqKwYMH88ADD3TJdtydxwbOaDSyc+dO291lNBoNQJeeWRg5ciRhYWHMmzdPTHNqg0cGzmq1cuzYMU6cOEF6ejqRkZEO3f79998v7tfQBo98V6qqqigoKKBv374kJSWJaUcuxOMCZzQa2bt3L9euXSM9PV2MubkYjwvc35Mqp02b1mU9UsF+HhU4i8XCJ598wsCBAxkzZozYlbogjwrcli1bqKqq4umnn7b1SgXX4jF994qKClavXk1OTg7h4eHOLkdog0cETpIkFi5cyOzZs8WAq4tz+12qxWJh8+bNaDQaXnzxRWeXI9yC2wfu+PHjFBYW8vrrr4s7w7gBtw7c1atXycnJITU1VVyD1024beBaW1vJy8vDz8+PyZMn4+fn5+yShNvgtoE7duwYRUVFjB8/nt69e6NQKJxdknAb3DJwFRUV7Nmzh9jYWIYNGyZmZrgRtwucyWTi559/5vr160yePBmtVuvskoQOcLvAnTt3jm+//Za0tDSio6PFrtTNuFXgDAYDW7dupU+fPowbN07MOXNDbvOJybLMkSNHKCkp4YUXXhB3hnFTbhM4vV7P+vXrmTNnDr1793Z2OYKd3CJwLS0tZGdnM3z4cCZOnOjscoQ7YNd4ws8//0xxcTFmsxmAwMBAUlJSuuyCzDt27ODixYssW7ZMTDtyc3a1cGazmS+//JLy8nIaGxvZvXs3GzdupKmpqbPr4/jx43z11Ve8+uqr4sKBHsCuFm7s2LEolUqWLl1KUFAQmzdv5rvvvuv0AViDwcCmTZuYOHEiycnJnbZeq9WKXq/n/PnzDBgwQNx414HsSsj58+fp0aMHQUFBtLS0UFhYyKOPPtrp5zP37NmDj48PGRkZqNVqZFm+4fl/P27r7/98fP36dbZu3UpJSQlZWVloNBrMZvMt132727Jare3/p7ycXYErKiqiuLiY+Ph4/P39WbJkCY899li7rzlx4gSxsbFMmTKFt956i88++4wtW7ag1WrZv38/x48fJysri759+/Lmm28CsG7dOlpbWxk3btx/Psh/Dvj+e/C3vcFgo9FIXV0dJpOJ77//Hn9//5su194621q/QqGgsrJSjA+2QyG39dVtx/r16+nWrRuzZs3C19cXtVqN0WikoKCAwMBA0tLSblher9czZcoUDhw4gI+PDyqVCkmSkCQJhUKBRqPBarXS2tqKUqlEpVIhy7KtU2JHiW2SJIns7GwOHz5su7dWZ1EoFBw6dIjhw4eLuXlt6FALJ8syTU1NHDx4kHnz5uHv72/7Nv/979ra2pu+VqlU3jBYq1KpUKlUbT4P4OPjw549e0hJSenUgd5Vq1Zx9epVjh07hlar7dRLr77zzjt88sknInBt6FDbbzAYWL58OaWlpSxdutTWAsFfxy6SJGEymbBYLJ1W4MqVK6mrq+u09f0tLCyMRx55pNOv8xsaGnrDF0m4UYdaOK1Wy/vvv3/T50wmE2q1GkmSaGlp6bRfvMfGxrrVB7hs2TIxfNOOThvH0Gg0TJ48ubNWZ7Ns2TK3ugeW0Wjs1GNOT+Py3amysjIkSXJ2Gbftww8/pKqqytlluCyXD9zHH3+MwWBwdhm3rby8HJPJ5OwyXJbLB06v13dqJ6SrZWdnc8899zi7DJfl8j8GyMnJcatTT4mJic4uwaW5fAvXr18/t+qlTp8+nXPnzjm7jE5TU1NDRkYGISEhhISEYLVayc3NJSQkhMGDB6PT6Tq0PpcPXFJSEpWVlc4u47Y1NDS49CFAU1MTO3fuJC8v76bnkP9NlmXbSMGZM2dQKpWMHTuWNWvWsHfvXrKysjq0fYftUk0mk13ffKPRyKVLl2w33XB1cXFx1NTUuHQrd++99/LBBx+watUqVq5cSXJycpvnlHv27EnPnj3RarW2SRulpaW2Fq+j7DqX2lG1tbXMmjXLbULj6SRJ4vLly7S0tBATE8O6detITExsd9LBjBkzeOaZZxg1ahTbtm3jpZdesmvbDgmc4DosFgvl5eXs2rULi8VCeno6ffv2veVcxtdee41+/fqh1WpJSkoiOjraru27TC/VarVy9uxZ8vLyAEhNTSU6Oppdu3ZRU1NDTEyM29wFsKGhgU8//RRJkggNDSUrK4vDhw/z22+/ERISQnp6utN63haLBZPJxIQJE4iJibntOYz33nsvu3fvZsaMGXaHDVyo02C1Wqmurmbfvn3k5+fbmveioiJqamrcao5ZfX095eXlrFy50nadYb1ez59//mmbkuUsvr6+REdHExcX16EJs71798bX15epU6fe0fZdZpcqyzKNjY3odDqOHj3K2rVrMZvN5ObmMnnyZEJDQ51dYrvOnDnDvn37SE9PJzQ0lObmZmJjYzl79iwBAQEcOXIEgFGjRrnltVCuXLmCwWAgNjb2jtbjMs2GQqEgKCiI0NBQFAoFBoOBH374gaFDh3L33Xc7u7x21dTUkJubS25uLvX19fj7+9OzZ0/CwsKorKykrKyMqqoqHnjgAbcMG0CvXr3uOGzgQoH7W/fu3enWrRunTp0iODiY6Ohol7/8/e+//05DQ8N/fiYZExPDuXPnqK6uJj4+XkzKxAUDFxgYiFqt5ocffuCuu+5Cq9VSVlbGwoULnV3aTR09epSSkhJmzZqFWq2+4bno6GhOnDhBcXExcXFx1NbW8vHHH/Pnn386qVrnc8nA/X3c079/f+CvHpIrDqRWVVXxyy+/kJiYSE1NDc3NzdTV1dnONISFhbFr1y5b7zo4OJimpiavHo90uQMKrVbLU089Rf/+/W2j3yaTCUmSMBqNLvXLe0mSOHr0KDk5ObS0tFBdXc25c+fYtm0bERERjBgxgiFDhtg6PJIkYTabbZM0vfFSYy4XuF69epGRkXHD365fv05CQgLV1dUOvxVleyIiItiyZQvw188gN27cyHPPPUdERAQAkyZNumF5o9FIeHg4ZrMZi8Xith2IO+EywyLurrKykgMHDjB69Ghxdad2iMAJDuVynQbBs4nACQ4lAic4lAic4FAicIJDicAJDiUCJziUCJzgUCJwgkOJwAkO9T/k9pck3KR/SwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work done by the gas in one cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the figure given two processes A and B are shown by which a thermo-dynamical system goes from initial to final state F. If
and
are respectively the heats supplied to the systems then
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In the figure given two processes A and B are shown by which a thermo-dynamical system goes from initial to final state F. If
and
are respectively the heats supplied to the systems then
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A cyclic process ABCA is shown in the V-T diagram. Process on the P-V diagram is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A cyclic process ABCA is shown in the V-T diagram. Process on the P-V diagram is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
Work done in the given P-V diagram in the cyclic process is
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)
Work done in the given P-V diagram in the cyclic process is
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKUAAAByCAYAAAAyEBFNAAAS/klEQVR4nO3deVCU9x3H8feyFwgssNwEKGdI8ACKxlTSBAhoxSBG45DCpNY40xFbbZpOMp2a1naSaJoM06Rp0hmTGHLXTg22kDjGWENoDAQLRsOCN/dyS4Nk2fPpH4472WoM6rL7oL/XDH8sz/P8nu/v4cNz7XMoJEmSEAQZ8fF2AYLw/0QoBdkRoRRkR4RSkB0RSkF2RCgF2RGhFGRHhFKQHRFKQXZEKAXZEaEUZEeEUpAdt4bSbDYjru8QrpXbQmmz2aitraWvr89dTQo3KLeFsrW1lcrKSmpqarDb7e5qVrgBuSWUVquVmpoa2tvb2b59OwMDA+5oVrhBuSWUBoMBvV6PXq+ntLSUmpoadzQr3KDcEko/Pz+WLl1KTEwM99xzDzk5OVPat7TZbPzpT3/imWeecUcZl/Taa6+xZcsWLBbLtM1jujkcDv785z+zbds2j863o6ODLVu28OGHH3p0vkhu4HA4JIfDIeXm5krHjx93fv42f/jDH6R169ZJVqv1G8dZtmyZpNVqnT/5+flSU1PTReM1NTU5x9m0aZPU2dkpFRcXSyqVSrrpppukioqKa+qjNz3zzDPSmjVrLrucli9f7rKc7rrrLqmxsXFK7Q8NDUmFhYXOae12u7Rz505Jo9FIgYGBUkFBgVRXV+eu7nwrt4TygguhnAqLxSLNnj1b6u3tlSRJksxmszQ0NCT19/dLw8PDks1mkyRJkux2u3TfffdJRqNR6urqktasWSNt3rxZOnfunEt7p0+flqqqqqTi4mLJbrdLdrtdqq2tlRobGyWLxSLp9XppcnLSnd31CIvFIqWlpUk9PT2SJJ1fTsPDw87l9PWgrlixQurr65N6enqkdevWSY8++uhFy8nhcEgjIyNSf3+/NDQ0JJlMJml4eFhqaWmRUlJSpMHBQUmSzgf11VdflYaGhqSnn35aeu6555x/k+nmtZPnDQ0N+Pr6EhMTg9Vqpba2lpKSEu655x6WLVvGoUOHcDgcjI+P097eTlRUFA6HA19fX+Lj4/H393dpLzExkXnz5mGxWBgaGqKnpweLxUJcXBxqtZqCggLeffddL/X26jU2NqLVarnpppuw2Wzs3buX5cuXO5dTY2MjDoeDc+fOYTAYiI6OxuFwoNVqL7mcenp6uPfee53Tv/TSSwQEBJCZmUlwcDBnzpzB4XDQ2tpKdHQ0YWFhJCUlMTIyQm9vr0f6fNlQ9vX1sXfvXqqrq50/x48fd8uMh4aGiI2NBWBiYoKJiQkeffRRmpqaSEhI4ODBg1gsFg4cOEBYWBjV1dW8++67hISEkJ+ff8k2tVoter0eo9GIwWAgJSWF6OhoAGJiYhgcHHRL7Z40PDxMXFwcAF999RVffvklDz/8ME1NTdx88818+umnTE5OcuDAASIjI53LKSAggMLCwovaO3HiBAUFBTQ1NbFhwwaampro7+8HICEhAaPRyNDQEG1tbSxZsgSAwMBA7HY7ZrPZI31WXW7g0NAQL730EiaTicTERLq6ulAoFLz55psEBga6rYjg4GAeeOABAD766CPi4+NZuHAharWaQ4cOERgYSF1dHd/5znf46U9/6gzz//P19UWv13Po0CGSk5NJSEhwW41yoNPpKC8vB+Djjz8mOjqa22+/HY1GQ1NTE0FBQdTV1REXF8fPfvYzZ5i/Lj8/n/z8fDo7O+ns7KSwsBC9Xg+cD2Vvby/vv/8+y5Yt82jfvu6yoczIyCAjI4P09HRWrFhBfX09+fn5bvkqUafTMTIy4vw8OjrKnj17OHXqFKtWrSIrKwulUkljYyNPPfUU2dnZznF7e3uprq7m+9//PnPnzsXH5/wK39fXF7vdTktLC4sWLXL5xxkdHSUjI+Oa6/Y0nU7H8PCw8/PY2Bh79uzhxIkTrFixguzsbFQqFQ0NDTz55JMsWLDAOa7RaKS6uprbb7+djIwMlEoldrud+vp69u3bx/z587n77rudyyk+Pp5du3ZRUVHhEmiTyYSPjw9qtdojfb5sKEdHRzGZTAQFBaFUKtm1axc//OEP0el01zzjrKwsjh07xsjICCqVijfffJPKykrCwsIwGAxkZmZiMBhobGzkhRdeYMeOHc5p/f39mZiYoLOzk1tvvRWNRgOARqMhMTGRkJAQUlJSXOb3ySef8NBDD11z3Z6WkZHBsWPHGB4eRqPR8Pbbb/P0008TEhKCwWBg3rx5HDt2jIaGBp5//nlef/1157R+fn6YTCa6urpIT09HqVTy0Ucf8ctf/pKBgQFOnTpFU1MTa9asIS0tjdjYWOLi4li6dKlLDd3d3fj4+BAUFOSRPl82lF1dXXz++ef885//RKfTsWTJEn71q1+5ZcahoaGsXr2a559/ns2bN1NcXOzyXx4cHExeXh4VFRVotVqXaYODg9FqtcTGxqJSqVx+/+Mf/xitVusMKsCOHTvIysoiPT3dLbV7UmhoKGVlZTz77LNs2bKFoqIisrKynMODg4MZHx9n/fr1Ln2+MOzCweSFYXPnzuUvf/mLc5yAgABiYmIAyMvLY+HChS4HRwaDgVOnTpGXl+exUCqky2yL//Wvf3Hw4EEWL15MTEwMwcHBBAQEfGNjeXl5bN++ndTU1CnNfHR0lD/+8Y/4+fnx61//espFP/744yQnJ7N69epv3aS88sorHD58mMcee4zIyMgpz0NO/vvf/1JZWYlareY3v/nNlKd76qmniIqKory8/Ko2vWfOnOHFF19k/vz5rFix4qKVw3S5bChffvllxsbGqKiouOjUwqVcaSgF4VIuufk2m828/fbbPPHEEwCkp6dTVFTk0cKEG9clQ6nValm7di1r1671dD3XLYfDAeA8UyB8s8se6Aju43A4GB0dRZIk9Hq9x06vzEQilB6iUqmw2Ww0NjZitVq54447iI6ORqFQeLs02ZlRoWxububVV1/1dhnXxGAw0NXVRWZmJpGRkbIJ5fr165k9e7a3ywBmWChPnjxJV1cXDz74oLdLuWI2mw2z2YxSqWR8fByNRsNtt93msXN/l/Piiy/S2dkpQnm1kpOTKSkp8XYZV0ySJNra2rBYLJSUlJCWlkZERITLyX9vee+997xdggvvL5EbhEKh4OabbyYpKQm1Wo1SqfR2SbIlQulBKpVKFmtGuRMnzQTZEaEUZEeEUpAdEUpBdkQoBdkRoRRkR4RSkB0RSkF2RCgF2RGhFGRHhFIAwG63y+bR4CKUAgCTk5POWza8TYTyBjYwMEBXV5fzc1tbGxMTE16s6LwZc8mK1WplfHzc22VcVyRJor6+npaWFudTR+Tw/KUZs6bs7e1l9+7d3i7juhIeHo7D4WBwcJD9+/eTnp7OrFmzvF3WzAil2Wxm//797Nu3z9ulXFeUSqXzIWGLFi0iKSlJFrcAe7+CKRgbG2PHjh3odDoMBgMGg8HbJV03EhISiI6Opri4mLCwMG+XA8yAUEqSRE9PDz/60Y9IT0+np6eHzs5O2Zy+uB4oFArZ3FUJMyCUCoWCuLg4cnNzmZycZPHixeTk5DA5Oent0oRpMiOOviMiInA4HM5bQN3xfExBvmS/prwgKirK+Qxu4fo2Y0Ip3DhEKAXZEaEUZEeEUpAdEUpBdkQoBdkRoRRkR4RSkB0RSkF2RCgF2RGhFGRHhFKQnRlxldBMZrfbGRsbQ6FQON+rLVyeCOU0kCSJyclJPvjgAw4cOEBGRgYrV67E4XDI4nYDuZtxoRwdHaWtrc3bZVzWwMAAmzZt4osvviA+Ph6bzUZbWxvf+973uOWWW7xd3kXOnj3r7RJczKhQRkVF0d/fzy9+8Qtvl/KtYmJiiIyMpKenh4MHDxIREcGRI0emZV7d3d0MDg6SnZ191W2Eh4d/47Dh4WEGBweJi4sjMDDwqucxVTMqlHfeeSd33nmnt8uYMqvVyv79+/Hz8yMnJ2da3gxx8uRJqqqqCAsLo6Kigr179zI4OOgcnpSUxG233XbZ97RfMDExwa5du7BYLAQFBVFSUsLRo0d56623aG1t5f7772f16tVTautayHIHp62tjb/97W+YTKZrbquhoYHa2lpsNpsbKrsyarWagoIC5syZM203ur322msEBwfz85//HIfDwbFjx6iqquLkyZM0NzdTWVlJS0sLdrv9W9s6e/Ysn332GRs2bGBgYABJkjh16hT9/f3k5ORQU1NDZ2fntPTj62S3pmxtbeWdd95hzpw5+Pj4UFlZSWtrq3N4amoq999/P4mJiS7TnTlzhscffxyAvLw8ioqKeP3119m5cycAg4ODXnl9nkqlIjQ0dFraNhqNHD58mMrKShQKBX5+fixZsoQvvviC3/3ud3R3d7Nhwwa+/PLLi+5W7Ojo4OWXX6avr4+YmBjWrVtHREQEv/3tb3nllVcoKyvDx8eH+Ph41q5dS25uLo888ghHjx4lNTUVjUYzLX0CGa4p9+3bR3h4OEuXLkWr1ZKbm0tHRwdLliyhsLCQlpYW/vGPf1x0N+Pk5CR6vZ729nYWLFiAv78/s2bNory8nG3btrFt2zYv9Wj6dHd34+/v73y/o81mo6uri4iICHx9ffn000+JiooiOTnZ5ah/YmKC999/n4GBAcrKyjh+/DjV1dVIkkRERARRUVH09vZiNBrp6Ohg/vz5qNVqkpOT6ejowGq1Tmu/ZBXK/v5+Tpw4QVpamvOOxczMTIxGI6tWreLuu+8mIiICq9V60X9qcnIyK1euJCAggMjISMxmM3q9nqKiInJzc0lMTOSDDz7wRremjc1mQ6PRONeCZrOZ+vp6qqqquOWWWzhw4AAPPfQQycnJLtP5+flRWlrKtm3bKCgoICkpyeW1fKmpqZw+fZre3l5uvfVWQkJCANBoNFit1mm/515Wm++zZ8+iVqvR6XTOBd3Q0EB2djYqlYrm5mb6+vp44IEHLjrfp9Fo0Ol06HQ652mj2NhYkpKSUCgUpKen097ezuLFi73RNY+w2WxIksRf//pXFi1ahFKpRK1WX7Tp9vHxce5SbN26FUmSKC8vdx7ApKSkYDAY6OjoYNOmTR7vh6zWlJf6D6yrq6Ompobw8HCee+45fv/737Nw4cJLTu/r64ter+fIkSMEBQWRkpLi/IMoFIrr7qka4eHhDAwMYDabsdvtGI1GmpubSUhIwM/Pz7kW/fe//01KSgpHjx4Fzi/nM2fOsGbNGsbGxnjkkUfQaDTO51PGx8fzxhtvUFpa6hLo3t5eQkNDp/1lp7IKpVKpxOFwuDy8s729nV27djE0NMSePXuYO3cuJpOJ48ePMzY25hI0rVbLrFmzaGhoAFzPvVksFtRqtec64wGpqan4+vry2WefYTQaKSsrY3R0lBdeeMFlvDvuuIONGzdiNpuB8/uUtbW1HD16lA8//JDFixfz2GOPMTw8DJzfZXriiSeIiopytjE2NkZ7ezvJycnTepADMtt8h4aGYrFYGBkZ4auvvuLjjz9m//79/OAHP3AZz2g08uSTT1JSUkJxcbEzbFqtFpVKhVKp5Lvf/a7LNJ9//jkrV670WF885eGHH+att94iOjqa5ubmS45z8OBBTCYTGRkZAAQEBLBx40Y2btx4yfH/f3kPDg7y97//nfnz55OVlTXta0pZhTIsLIzU1FSam5uZM2cOdXV1rFy5kvb2dpfxkpKSyMvLIzw83GXzEhAQwH333UdwcDD+/v7O3zc1NTE5OUlmZqbH+uIpd911F0qlksOHD7No0aJLjvOf//yHBx988Kq3FCMjI4SGhlJSUkJERMS1lDslCsmNO1p5eXls376d1NTUq26jo6ODnTt3MmvWLNatW3fJh3i+99579PT0sGrVqm99fN0nn3zC7t27yc/PZ+nSpVddl+A5slpTwvnnJZaXl9PZ2fmNX8vFxMQwd+7cKT1PMSwsjNLS0os254J8yS6UALGxscTGxn7j8KysrCm3lZaW5o6SBA+S1dG3IIAIpSBDIpSC7IhQCrIjQinIjgilIDuyPCUkzFzj4+Ns376d7u5uACorKzl06BDvvPMOwcHBLF++/FvPGYs1peBWJpMJnU7HG2+8QU5OjvOKeIDZs2dP6WtKEUrBrUJCQigrK0On07FgwQLg/PWbOTk53HvvvZf9UuQCEUrhikxMTLB7927n5vn/qdVq/P39iYuLo6urC5PJxN69e1m+fPmU7+Z06z6lj48PVqvVed2ecP1RqVTk5ORQWFhIUVER69evJy4u7qKr25OTk53BLSgoQKvVTn0e7iy4tLSU8vJyzp07585mBZlxOBwYjUZOnz7NkSNH2Lp1K/PmzXMZJzExkSNHjtDR0cHmzZuvqH23Xrom3BhaW1t59tlniY6O5ic/+ckl9xOrqqrYunUr9fX1REZGXlH7IpTCFbFardTW1pKdnU18fPw3jnf48GH6+vooKiq64nmIUApXxGw2u9zWOx1EKAXZEaeEBNkRoRRkR4RSkB0RSkF2RCgF2RGhFGRHhFKQHRFKQXZEKAXZEaEUZOd/t4yuTLQW17EAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
Physics-General
Physics-
The temperature-entropy diagram of a reversible engine cycle is given in the figure. Its efficiency is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
The temperature-entropy diagram of a reversible engine cycle is given in the figure. Its efficiency is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
Carnot cycle (reversible) of a gas represented by a Pressure-Volume curve is shown in the diagram
Consider the following statements
I. Area ABCD = Work done on the gas
II. Area ABCD = Net heat absorbed
III. Change in the internal energy in cycle = 0
Which of these are correct
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Carnot cycle (reversible) of a gas represented by a Pressure-Volume curve is shown in the diagram
Consider the following statements
I. Area ABCD = Work done on the gas
II. Area ABCD = Net heat absorbed
III. Change in the internal energy in cycle = 0
Which of these are correct
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A cyclic process ABCD is shown in the figure P-V diagram. Which of the following curves represent the same process
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A cyclic process ABCD is shown in the figure P-V diagram. Which of the following curves represent the same process
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A cyclic process for 1 mole of an ideal gas is shown in figure in the V-T, diagram. The work done in AB, BC and CA respectively
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAIoAAAB7CAYAAACrSRjYAAATgklEQVR4nO2de1CU1/2Hn4VluSxXAbkYi6ANggq6oKZKbIwllknRqNEEnWjb2JJqjbHTZuJomkw7k3ZkWmKc1Np6yShRaptYozQdpV7SAW9FFDB4Q8AsN5c7u8te3/f3R8b9lSKwwsIu7PvMOOP7vuc957PsZ8857/m+5xyZKIoiEhID4OFsARKjA8koEnYhGUXCLiSjSNiFZBQJu5CMImEXklEk7EIyioRdSEaRsIsBjaLX68nNzSUpKYmkpCQqKiooLy8nKSmJ2bNnk5OTMxI6JZyMfKAEgiDw9NNPc+7cOVauXElCQgIAL774IitWrCAuLm7YRUo4nwFrFH9/f1JTU5k0aRJarRaLxUJ1dTVBQUFMmzYNX1/fHunr6urQ6/XDJljCOdjdRxk/fjwGg4HOzk7y8/PZvHlzrzQtLS289dZbfPbZZ5hMJocKlXAudhslIiKC7u5uzp49y/e+971e1wVBoLCwkOLiYvLy8tBoNA4VKuFcBuyjPCQ8PJyioiJkMtkjjaLRaLh//z5msxmj0ciVK1eIjo5GJpM5VLArolarKSwstB2HhYWxcOFClEqlE1U5FruNEhYWhtVqZdGiRfj4+PS63tbWxty5czlz5gwbNmzAw8ODjo4OgoODHSrYlRAEgYqKCvLy8mhpaSE6OpqLFy8yYcIEZs+e7Z5GiY+P58033yQuLg4Pj94t1sSJE5k4cSKBgYGEhoaSnJyMIAgOFetq6PV6PvjgA6ZMmcIvfvELwsPDOX78OEajcUyZBB6zRgkLC+vz+v/+YcbaH+pRlJeXU1payo4dOxg3bhwA3/72t7FYLL2eBkc7dhtFojdFRUWEhYXZTAKM2aZWGsIfAnq9Hi8vL2fLGBEkowyBzMxMysvLOXLkCN3d3ZSUlLB69WqKi4udLc3h9Nn06PV61Go1AOPGjSMoKIjGxka6u7vx8/PjiSeeGDGRrsqMGTPIzc1l69atvPvuuyQlJbFt2zZmzpzpbGmOR3wEgiCIRUVF4pNPPilGRkaKf/rTn8S6ujpxzZo1YmpqqvjGG2886jZRFEVx1apVYlFRUZ/XJUYnfdYocXFxvP3225w8eZK1a9cCsHTpUqZPn058fPyIGVnCNXikUWQyGZGRkUyaNAlRFGltbaW+vp6goCCeeOKJR46jSIxt+n089vPzIzAwkJqaGjo7O5k6dSoBAQEjpU3Chei3avDz8yMgIIDi4mJ8fHyIioqivr6eyspKjh07hlarHSmdo4bKykpaW1udLcPh9GsUX19fmpubqa6uJj4+HoVCwe3btxEEga6uLs6dO9fnvU1NTaSmppKWlsann35KdXU1mzZtQqVSsW/fPvR6PW+88QYpKSlkZWVhNps5fvw4KpWKH//4x9y6dYuCggIWLVqESqXizp071NXVsWTJEtLS0sjLy6Ojo4Ps7GxUKhU7d+7EarWyY8cOVCoVr7/+OhqNho8++ogFCxbw3HPP0drailqtRqVSkZGRwenTpykrK+P73/8+KpWKEydOYDabWbNmDampqWzZsgWDwcCePXtQqVT8/Oc/p76+niNHjjB79mwWLFhATU0NpaWlZGRk8PTTT7Nu3Tpu3rzp8C/K2chEse9J6k1NTRw7doy4uDjS09ORyWSYTCbu3r1LeXk5zzzzDBERET3ueemll9i8eTNPPfUULS0tyGQy/P398fLyQqvVYjKZUCqV+Pr60tnZiclkQi6XExISgsFgoKurCy8vL/z9/bFYLOh0OgRBICQkBJlMRkdHB4IgoFQq8fb2prOzE7PZjJ+fH0qlEq1WS3d3NwqFgoCAAAwGA3q9HplMRkhIiK3P5eHhgb+/Px4eHuh0OsxmMwEBAfj4+NDW1obFYkGhUBAYGEh3dzc6nQ5vb2+USiUmkwmtVmvLUxAEWlpa2Lt3L7m5ueTn55Oenj7sX95I0m8fJSIigtdee63HuQMHDtg6tmq1updRHuLh4UF4eHiPc0FBQf0e+/j49IhMy+XyXpHq/x4uh95D5v7+/vj7+9uO/fz88PPz65Hmf3X9bx4hISE9jv83D19f3x6xHKvVSnFxMdXV1URHR9PPb2/U8tixnuzs7OHQMWqxWq2UlpZy9uxZli9fjtFodLakYUF6zh0CoihSU1PDoUOHSExMJD09HYVC4WxZw4JklCHQ2trKX/7yF8aNG8dLL700Zk0CklEGjdFoJC8vj4aGBtavX9+r7zTWkIwySPbv309FRQU//elP+cY3vuFsOcOOZJRBcObMGfLz88nOznabuJdklMfkwoUL5OTk8N577zFr1ixnyxkxJKM8Bmq1mtzcXFatWsXcuXPx9PR0tqQRQzKKnej1en7zm98wffp0XnzxReRy93rd2L0+7SDp7Ozk0KFDeHt7s27dOreMoEs1ygAYDAZOnz7NvXv3+MEPfkBMTIyzJTkFySj9YDabuXTpEoWFhTzzzDO2JT/cEckofSCKIlVVVfz9739n1qxZLFy40O36Jf+NZJQ+aG5uZv/+/URERLB8+fIeEWl3RDJKH3z44YfIZDLWrVvX71Rad0EyyiPYu3cv5eXlZGdnExUV5Ww5LoH7Nrp9kJ+fz/vvv09BQYFbxHDsRTLKf3H79m1yc3M5ePCg2z4G94XbG6WlpcX2Tuybb77Jli1b3CqGYy9ubRRRFLl27RoNDQ1UVFSQkpLC888/7xbLiT0ubt2Z7ejooLi4mN27d+Pn50d2drZbDs/bg1sb5datW5w4cYLq6mq8vLyoq6uTJrX1gdsapbu7m9LSUjw9PfnJT35CcnIynp6eQ2p2zGYzFouFrq4urFarA9U6H7fso4iiyN27dykpKWHjxo0sXbrUIU1OZWUltbW1XLhwgUWLFo2pZbrcskapq6tj3759TJ8+nRdeeMEhJjGbzZw7d44vv/ySo0ePcvPmzTE1EcztjCIIArt37yYgIIA1a9Y4LIZz9+5dlEolU6dOZcOGDVy+fBmz2eyQvF0Bt2t6du7cSUlJCX/7298cGugLCgriO9/5DkVFRahUKqZNm0Z9fT2TJk1yWBnOxG2M8nB+cF5eHkeOHHF4NDg6OrrH8YQJExyav7Nxi6ZHEARKSkr49a9/TW5uLk8++aSzJY063MIo5eXl7Nu3jx/96EcsWLDA2XJGJWPeKGq1mv379zNjxgwyMzOdLWfUMqaN0tDQwMGDBwkPD2fZsmV4e3s7W9KoZcwaRafTcfLkSR48eMCKFSvcZu+g4WJMGsVqtXL+/HkuXbrE8uXLmTJlimSSITLmjCIIAmVlZRw7doz09HS+9a1vuc3GBsPJmBtHaW1t5cCBA8yePZtVq1ZJNYmDGFM1ysPNvEVR5JVXXpFM4kDGTI1iMpn4+OOPbe+9jrUduJyNS9coVVVVNDY2DhiFtVgsnDx5kk8//ZTt27dLW8QMAy5rlKamJnJycigsLBzwJaCzZ89y+PBhtm7dSnJy8ggpdC9c1ihXrlyhoaEBtVrd726npaWlHDx4kNWrV0vD88OISxrl6tWreHt7s2LFCjo7O/s0SkVFBR9++CELFy5k8eLFI6zSveizM2uxWDh37hy/+tWvANi8eTOpqals376d2tpa5s6dS05OjsMFtba2cvjwYQoLCxFFEblczrZt2x6ZLj8/n8mTJ7NkyRK32D7XmfRpFFEUCQ8PZ+bMmZjNZtLT0/H19WXOnDm88sorw9YXuH37Nk899RQbN25Eo9GwevXqXn0UnU7HwYMHMRqNvPrqq4SGhg6LFon/p8+mx8vLi6SkJObMmWM719raiq+vL/Pmzetzs4ShcOPGDcrKynj22WeJjY1lzpw5eHt7c/HiRVsai8XCqVOnuHTpEi+88AKxsbGjbrwkPz+fKVOmoFAoUCgU+Pr62mpuV6XfPopMJiMwMBBvb2/a29s5efIkixcvHpa1Qu7cuUNWVha//OUv2blzJ7W1tSxdupSWlhbWrl3LV199hSAIXLt2jVOnTrF+/Xrmz58/6PKsVismk8mBn8B+Xn75ZVauXMnRo0dtg4SffPKJU7TYy4ADboGBgSgUCi5dukRiYiKhoaGYTCYaGxsdOtv/m9/8JmVlZT3OHT9+3PZ/URS5c+cOhw4dYurUqaSlpQ26LEEQqKuro6KigsTERCIiIkZ0gM5oNFJaWkpSUhLXrl2joKCAd999d8TKHwx2GUWr1VJaWsqsWbPw8/NDo9HwzjvvcODAgZHQCIBGo2HHjh1UVlaSmprK559/PqT89Ho9//rXv/j973/P0qVLmThxokN01tbWDpjm5s2bKJVK20qTWVlZLj8xfkCjPNwlKz4+3laDhIeH09TU1Oc9n3zyCRMmTCAmJoYjR47Q3t5OQkIC8+bN48KFC5SXl5OQkMD8+fOpqKjg4sWLBAcHs2TJEjQaDefPn0cURTIyMggKCuLjjz/m7t27lJWV0djYyOXLl4f8wfV6PaWlpXR0dHD+/HnGjx/vkAWGGxoaBkxTU1NDWloaa9euJTQ0lEWLFlFVVcXbb7895PKHiwGNEhERwfr164mMjLRtM9Le3o5er+fBgweMHz++1z3d3d22JxW9Xo9Op7NteGQwGNBqtRgMBgDbtmsKhQJBEGzbw4miiNVqRRAEtFot48eP5/XXX+fQoUPs2rVrSB/abDZz9epVrl+/TnBwMPPmzSMqKsohRvnhD384YJrq6mqCg4Px8fHh/v37dHR0uP7j/WB21dZqteLnn38utre397o2nDupazQa8fDhw0POx2KxiLW1tWJ9fb1osVgcoOz/OXHihHjv3r1HXuvu7hbz8vLE6dOni2lpaWJWVpb43e9+V9y8ebOoVqsdqsPR9Lv55GB4uPnkvHnzHJkt8HUn1Gg0unRk2Gg0IpfLH1k7Wa1WampqUKvVPc4nJib22ufQ1RhVrxnU1dXx5z//2aXHHP74xz+yYMGCR3ZOPT09mTx5MpMnT3aCsqHhkrGevujq6nJIR3Y4uX79Os3Nzc6W4XBGlVF8fHxc/tcYExMzJldtGlVNT2xsLDt37nS2jH7Ztm0bHh6j6vdnF6PqE3V0dHD69Glny+iX4uJiu8ZSRhujyij19fW8//77zpbRLx999BE3btxwtgyHM6qMolQqmTlzprNl9EtCQsKY3Np2VPVRIiIiyM7OdraMfnn55ZfH1NptDxlVNYrBYKCqqsrZMvrl/v37dHV1OVuGwxlVRmlqamLPnj3OltEv+fn53Lp1y9kybOzduxeVSkV8fLztX0JCwmPXzKOq6bFarS7/a9XpdC6zyF9DQwP19fW89957PHjwAIvFwqpVqygqKuoVRhgQRwePhjMoaDAYxOrq6mHJ21F89dVXYldX14iUVVRUJJ49e1bUaDSi2WzuN+2WLVvEgoIC0Wq1Dqqsx6pRampq6OjoAL5+oSk2NvaR6R4upTlcXL9+fdjydgQtLS0jUo5SqSQvL4933nmHDRs28Oyzzz4yuGixWCgrK2Pjxo2DHgy0yygGg4Evv/ySXbt20dDQgFwuRxAEcnNziY+P75F21qxZHD16lKNHjw5KkIT9WK1W7t+/j0ajIScnB4VCwbJly3qlU6vVREdHD2nFKbteMyguLmbPnj1kZmaSmZmJt7c3W7du5cGDB+zbt2/QhUsMHqvVSl1dHWfOnKG5uZn09PQ+p9D885//5OrVq7z22muDHuMZsEbR6XR88cUXTJs2jcWLF9tcmZGRwaZNmwZVqIRjkMlkpKWlMXHixD5ri1OnTvGHP/wBi8XCjBkzeP755wfV/AxolMbGRjo7O5k/f36PqGhbWxuRkZGPXeDj8rvf/Y4bN270WNHAx8eHZcuW8dxzzw17+f2h1+vZvn07bW1tPc4HBwfz1ltvDcvcp4d4enra9UJ4aGgoy5cvBxjSOnYDGsVoNCKTyXp1Tnfv3s3KlSsHVai91NTUcPnyZdauXctnn31GTEwMiYmJVFRUYLFYhrVseygvL0etVpOZmcmVK1dITk5GLpdTWVnpMhsmpKSkkJKSMuR8BuyjtLW18dvf/pbQ0FA2bdqEr68vWVlZ+Pj4sGvXrmHdONpoNNLS0kJkZCSrV6/mZz/7GSkpKej1euRyudNfidTpdGi1WtRqNcePH+fVV18lKioKvV5PQECAQ17WdhkGen4WBEG8d++euHLlSlGpVIr+/v7iBx98IBoMhkE9jw+WkJCQQY8BDDcFBQVidna2KAiCs6UMGwM2PTKZjNjYWKc+7lZVVREXF2frhImiiNlsxsPDA7ncuYPLRqOR9vZ2IiIibO2/IAgIgoDVakWhUIy6udGPYlTEeoqLi8nIyLAd6/V6/vrXv1JUVOREVV+j0+nQaDQkJSXZzt25c4eSkhL27Nlj18zB0YDLG+Xf//43x44dQyaT2eITSqUSmUyGTqdzqjaz2cw//vEPLl68iFarpb29Hfi6lgkICCAqKmrMvMTk8kYpLCwkLCyM5uZmampqgK+/IL1eT2dnp1MDcCaTiS+++IKAgADq6+ttQ/c+Pj7cu3ePzs5OEhMTnabPkTh8AthIYDKZ+M9//oNcLic5OdnlNkO4du0ara2teHt7ExMTMyZWqRyVRpEYeVy+6ZFwDSSjSNiFZBQJu5CMImEXklEk7EIyioRdSEaRsAvJKBJ2IRlFwi4ko0jYhWQUCbuQjCJhF5JRJOxCMoqEXfwfxW9OWQZ+UC4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
A cyclic process for 1 mole of an ideal gas is shown in figure in the V-T, diagram. The work done in AB, BC and CA respectively
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the following indicator diagram, the net amount of work done will be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In the following indicator diagram, the net amount of work done will be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal gas is taken through the cycle
, as shown in the figure. If the net heat supplied to the gas in the cycle is 5 J, the work done by the gas in the process
is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal gas is taken through the cycle
, as shown in the figure. If the net heat supplied to the gas in the cycle is 5 J, the work done by the gas in the process
is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General