Physics-
General
Easy
Question
Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a cyclic process shown in figure is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- 107
J
- 104
J
- 102
J
The correct answer is: 102
J
In a cyclic, DU = 0
From FLOT, D Q = DU + DW = 0 + DW = Area of closed curve Þ DQ = pr2 ![pi open parentheses fraction numerator 20 over denominator 2 end fraction close parentheses to the power of 2 end exponent k P subscript a end subscript cross times l i t r e](data:image/png;base64,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)
![equals 100 pi cross times 1 0 to the power of 3 end exponent cross times 1 0 to the power of negative 3 end exponent J equals 100 pi J](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAOgAAAASCAYAAABRoJIHAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAABGJhU0UAAAAQ3ZOC+gAAArFJREFUeNrtWjFIHEEUHUSOICKEFCmCpJFgmSaEFCkCIhaHHAEJFilESGGVLkWQFEFIGUSEEMIhFoKE1IFwhJQBCcFSELGSayxEgkjA/OH+wjiZmZ2Z3dnb2fkPXrFz//T/N29v/8wOY4S64Ap5CfwNnKX6CIR6Yhp4TPURCPXECPCU6iMQ6odbwA3gEtVHCIF7wFVcZ+gwAdwE/kR+wDHfuKbUm63TnkeYs4q+9f3Bp2zK3gylAdsGvtBMUIYecF64buOYb9wwUWa92cSv4d+MJWcX5NU3BdyPoO6Q3gypwbVfSxUWgOuK8ffARY+4uqBovTIuIszZBbr6OsCdxL1ZhQZaET4z9Rb7E/zMNS7DCrYFppbrleJ7r5HM8bOy6xXxGLhn+F91zNkFpvreaOYpJW8aNbiyYBER+O5dSzHOx/oecRm2gJMoUEcSs52Tq8rULkYvo95MW/5k+Qq8G0HOrjeFTX270vyl6E2TBsF/pf4avnPpESfjEMXIcAS8bZGvaG5Xo5dRrw9izDkPB8A7iXuzCg28RLjwiBMxiq2EeH3uaPhvHkYvo94iN2lsOeswIs1fit7M1SB0G9HXtAc3pPbANk7EI+B36bo3ZLP71MEanrMOD6X5S9GbeRpUshCfU4zPKhbiNnEi+A5aV7h+hv3/MNtFnzpYg3M2QZ6/FL1ZlQZaEZ4CPyrGu+z6FrVtnAj+4lg8ofKWDU6tuBi97A0XnzpYQ3POA391sZy4N6vSwNhu8Ef4S+zDW2iqHwXixEX4feF6Dds//uJ3zMHoPoYvo94iN2fdc7bBFzZ4VZGyN4NrYLMuuAn8hAtqviDmx6TGC8Rx8G3pX9LYA+AZG5wgiaHeqlDHnPnmyAkLdLwtEm9WoQGB4HVzvvPc6CINCIRAmMEnEN/5XCUN/tfgH0B1nVUlHNi1AAABKnRFWHRNYXRoTUwAPG1hdGggeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTgvTWF0aC9NYXRoTUwiPjxtbz49PC9tbz48bW4+MTAwPC9tbj48bWk+JiN4M0MwOzwvbWk+PG1vPiYjeEQ3OzwvbW8+PG1uPjE8L21uPjxtc3VwPjxtbj4wPC9tbj48bW4+MzwvbW4+PC9tc3VwPjxtbz4mI3hENzs8L21vPjxtbj4xPC9tbj48bXN1cD48bW4+MDwvbW4+PG1yb3c+PG1vPi08L21vPjxtbj4zPC9tbj48L21yb3c+PC9tc3VwPjxtaT5KPC9taT48bW8+PTwvbW8+PG1uPjEwMDwvbW4+PG1pPiYjeDNDMDs8L21pPjxtaT5KPC9taT48L21hdGg+JHkKJgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
Related Questions to study
Physics-
An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCA as shown in the P-V diagram. The net work done by the gas during the cycle is equal to
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCA as shown in the P-V diagram. The net work done by the gas during the cycle is equal to
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work done by the gas in one cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work done by the gas in one cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the figure given two processes A and B are shown by which a thermo-dynamical system goes from initial to final state F. If
and
are respectively the heats supplied to the systems then
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In the figure given two processes A and B are shown by which a thermo-dynamical system goes from initial to final state F. If
and
are respectively the heats supplied to the systems then
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A cyclic process ABCA is shown in the V-T diagram. Process on the P-V diagram is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A cyclic process ABCA is shown in the V-T diagram. Process on the P-V diagram is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
Work done in the given P-V diagram in the cyclic process is
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)
Work done in the given P-V diagram in the cyclic process is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
The temperature-entropy diagram of a reversible engine cycle is given in the figure. Its efficiency is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
The temperature-entropy diagram of a reversible engine cycle is given in the figure. Its efficiency is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
Carnot cycle (reversible) of a gas represented by a Pressure-Volume curve is shown in the diagram
Consider the following statements
I. Area ABCD = Work done on the gas
II. Area ABCD = Net heat absorbed
III. Change in the internal energy in cycle = 0
Which of these are correct
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Carnot cycle (reversible) of a gas represented by a Pressure-Volume curve is shown in the diagram
Consider the following statements
I. Area ABCD = Work done on the gas
II. Area ABCD = Net heat absorbed
III. Change in the internal energy in cycle = 0
Which of these are correct
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A cyclic process ABCD is shown in the figure P-V diagram. Which of the following curves represent the same process
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A cyclic process ABCD is shown in the figure P-V diagram. Which of the following curves represent the same process
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A cyclic process for 1 mole of an ideal gas is shown in figure in the V-T, diagram. The work done in AB, BC and CA respectively
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A cyclic process for 1 mole of an ideal gas is shown in figure in the V-T, diagram. The work done in AB, BC and CA respectively
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the following indicator diagram, the net amount of work done will be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In the following indicator diagram, the net amount of work done will be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal gas is taken through the cycle
, as shown in the figure. If the net heat supplied to the gas in the cycle is 5 J, the work done by the gas in the process
is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal gas is taken through the cycle
, as shown in the figure. If the net heat supplied to the gas in the cycle is 5 J, the work done by the gas in the process
is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
The P-V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic transformation is shown in figure. The work done on the system in going from
is 50 J and 20 cal heat is given to the system. The change in internal energy between A and C is
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJ4AAABxCAYAAAAklxosAAAMDElEQVR4nO3dbUxTZx8G8IsCpbxYaLWAISAoiDoY4MoSwgeGbmo0IeqGw6CGbVHUL1uyZcZk+mFZlizLNlwYsKgbkCBbt+jS0TnZdJo5NFuRbHUOeRnjZZZBgZa3lnPKOc+HPQ97nIIgB+6e9v/7Rtucc0Ev7vN299RPFEURhCwyBesAxDdR8QgTVDzCBBWPMEHFI0xQ8QgTVDzCBBWPMEHFI0xQ8QgTVDzCBBWPMEHFI0wEzHcB4ugoBKsVishIwO2G0NcHxYoV8AsJkSIf8VLzHvFEnodot0PkOIwPDWGitxdwu6XIRrzYvIun0GgQkJkJQaNBvcWC33U6+KnVUmQjXmzGTW1/fz+qqqpw9erVqceSk5Nx/PhxhIaG3vXa27dvo7KyEs899xweeeQR+Pn5LUxi4hVmHPHCw8ORnp6OdevWoaioCIcPH8bXX3+Nr7766q7X8TyPhoYGXL9+HWazGQ6HY0FDE/mbccRTKpXw9/dHaGgoHn/8cURHR8Pf3x9KpfKu13V2dkKhUCA9PR0RERFwOBxYsmQJ/P39FzQ8ka8H7uN1d3djZGQEOp0OFRUViI+PR05Ozl2vUavVyM3Nxdq1a5GQkAClUom+vr4FC03kb8YRz263o729HZWVlTAYDMjJyUFpaSkiIiLuel1kZCQiIyOnfl6+fPnCpJUBu90Oh8MBQRAAAAEBAYiNjWWcyvPMWLzx8XGo1WpUVVVh8+bNi5VJtn7//XdUVFTAbDbD7Xajp6cHGo0GjY2NrKN5nGmLNzY2BqPRiOvXryM2NhZOpxPBwcGLmU1W/vrrL5SUlEClUuGTTz5BZGQkamtr0d7ezjqaR5q2eBMTE+jv70d8fDwmJyfB8zwVbwYXL16EIAg4cODA1G7Hpk2b0NLSwjiZZ5q2eFqtFseOHVvMLLI1OjqKmzdvIjQ0FDqdburxpUuXIisri2Eyz0WTBCTgdDoxPDwMpVKJgIB5X/72CVQ8CURERGD16tX48ccfcfv2bQBAb28vsrKy0NvbyzidZ6J/TwkEBgbihRdeQHNzM7Zs2YKgoCBER0fj3Llzd216yT+oeBIJDQ1FWVkZysrKWEeRBdrUEiaoeIQJKh5hgopHmKDiSairqwtDQ0OsY8gCFU8iw8PDqKmpgcViYR1FFqh4EnC73fjmm29QXV0Nm83GOo4sUPHmaXJyEg0NDaivr0dgYODUPDwyMzqBPE9dXV347LPPkJWVRR9wmgMa8eZhYGAAZWVliIiIQEFBAU0bmwMq3kNyuVwwGo0YGBjA4cOHoVKpWEeSFSreQ3C73TCZTDCZTHjllVd8+jMmD4uK9xAuXLgAg8GAl19+GevWrWMdR5aoeHP0888/o6KiAvv27aPZxfNAxZuDW7du4cSJE3jmmWfw1FNPsY4ja1S8Werv78epU6eQmJiInTt33nM3BTI3VLxZ4DgOp0+fhkKhQGFhIcLCwlhHkj0q3gNwHIezZ8+ira0Ne/bsQVxcHJ0olgBduZiBIAgwm824evUq9u7di/T0dNaRvAaNeNMQBAHNzc2oqalBWloaHcFKjIo3jf7+fhgMBixbtgxPP/00HUxIjIp3H06nE2fOnMHg4CCef/55aLVa1pG8DhXvPs6cOQOLxYJDhw5hxYoVrON4JSrev5w/fx5nz57FgQMHsHbtWtZxvBYV7/9cunQJ77zzDo4cOQK9Xs86jlfz6eLxPI+JiQkAQE9PD0pLS7F//35kZ2fTzXcWmE//dbu6ujA6OorY2FgcO3YMOTk5yMvLo5uGLwKfLZ7D4YDZbIa/vz9MJhNUKhV27dpFs4gXic8Wr6OjA3V1dVNfn1BcXIyoqCjWsXyGT+7j8TyP1tZWXLhwAVeuXIFGo8HAwACcTudDL1MQBAiCAI7j6JNms+CTIx7HcRgcHERKSgry8vKwd+9eLF26dF7LtFqt6O3tRXNzM0ZGRhAeHi5RWu/kkyOe3W7HH3/8gW3btqGwsHDepZucnMS1a9fQ2NiIuro6tLa20qj3AD5XPIfDgerq6qm5dVLcsbOvrw+Dg4PQaDRITk6GxWKBy+WSIK338rniVVdXw2q1Yt++fYiOjpZkmYIgICMjAxkZGdi6dSvS0tLo5j0P4FP7eAaDAUajEeXl5Vi5cqVky42KioJOp0NoaCiCg4ORmpoKURQlW7438pnitba24q233kJpaSlWrVol6Szif1/lCAwMlGzZ3sonivfnn3/i4MGDOHLkCE3o9BBev4/X29uLt99+G3l5edi+fTvrOOS/vLp4w8PDOH36NJYsWYI9e/bQLGIP4rXFGx4exhdffAGbzYb8/HxoNBrWkcj/8cricRyH77//Hg0NDdixYwdSUlKgUHjlrypbXvduCIKAX3/9FSaTCbm5udDr9VQ6D+RV74goiuju7kZtbS2SkpKwZcsWhISEsI5F7sOrijcxMYGqqiqo1WoUFRXRhXoP5lXFO3nyJCwWC4qLi+lgwsN5xQlkURRx5coVnDp1CgaDgb6qUwZkXzxBEGCxWPDqq6+ipKQEycnJrCORWZD9pralpQVvvPEGXnrpJeTm5rKOQ2ZJ1sXr6elBeXk5srOzsWvXLtZxyBzItnh37tzBRx99BK1Wi4KCAvocrMzIsnhjY2MwGo0YGhrC7t276dNhMiS7YYLjONTX1+O3335DQUEBVq5c6dF36OQ4DkajEZ9++unUY+Hh4Th69ChWrVrFMBlbHjfidXd349y5c+jo6LjnOUEQcOPGDXz55ZfIzs7GY4895vGb2ICAACQlJSEqKgo5OTnYv38/2tvb8cMPP4DjONbxmPGo4o2Pj6O2thYffPABBgYG7nnearWitrYWTzzxBPLy8mQxzUmhUEClUiEoKAibN28Gz/PQarVISUnx6ZnKHlW81tZWcByHjIwMjIyM3PWc0+nEhx9+CJ7nkZ+f/9DfHfa/67n19fVSRJ6VoaEhvPvuu1i9ejVqa2vx3nvvYf369R69i7DQPGY71dfXh8bGRmRmZqKurg5DQ0MQRRF+fn7geR4lJSW4fPky3n///fuOhnPhcrnQ1NSE8vJyFBcXIyUlRZLf4d//LMDf1487Ojrw5ptv4ujRozAajXjxxRfx+uuvIzU1VZL1ypFHFG9ychIWiwUnT54E8PepkoSEBDidToSEhKCzsxMXL14Ez/M4dOjQvNfndrthtVoxNjaGlpYWhIWFSTZ1qrCw8J512Ww2xMbGAgBCQkJgs9nmdbsMb+ARxWtra0NbWxuuXbsGADhx4gSGh4enipeYmIhvv/1WknWJooi2tjaYTCaMjIxgx44dWLNmzYIdpJw/fx6XLl2CXq/H559/DpPJhMzMTMTFxS3I+uSCefG+++47VFZWYvny5bhz5w4cDgeamprQ2dkJvV6PJ598UtKdcFEU4XQ6sWnTJiQmJi74AcqtW7cQHx8Pm80Gm82G9PR07Ny5U7IPk8sV8+IJgoDU1FRERERAFEWIogi9Xo+UlBSo1WrJ16dQKPDoo49KvtzpHD9+fNHWJSfMi7dx40Zs3Lhx6ueYmBj6Dlgf4FGnU4jvoOIRJqh4hAkqHmGC+cEFYcdut6OzsxNutxsxMTGIjIyExWKB2+1GUFCQZFd07odGPC80Pj4Oq9UKnudnfN3NmzdRVFSEZ599FpcvXwbHcXjttddw8OBBlJaWLmhGGvG8kMvlwk8//QSXy4WMjAwkJCTc98pMZmYmCgoKYLfbsWHDBqhUKuzevRtr1qzB+vXrFzSj5MWrqalBY2Oj1Islc9Te3g6z2YzU1FQUFhZi27Zt99xVISgoCMnJyWhqaoLT6cSNGzfg7++/4KUDJC7e9u3b0d7eLot5ct5MEAS4XC40NzdDo9FAp9NN+zVZWq0WHMdhbGwMFosFW7duXZSMfqKEN+vleR4KhYK+C4whQRDQ2dkJs9kMnU6HpKQkREdHT/ue/PLLL/j4448RFhaG/Pz8RbuzlqQjni/PqPUUCoUCMTExWLZsGYKDgx846yY8PBw9PT2Ii4tDTEzMot1Ziw4uvJBSqZz17o5arUZaWho2bNgArVa7wMn+IemmlpDZovN4hAkqHmGCikeYoOIRJqh4hAkqHmGCikeYoOIRJqh4hIn/AG7oG3TFC78kAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
The P-V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic transformation is shown in figure. The work done on the system in going from
is 50 J and 20 cal heat is given to the system. The change in internal energy between A and C is
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJ4AAABxCAYAAAAklxosAAAMDElEQVR4nO3dbUxTZx8G8IsCpbxYaLWAISAoiDoY4MoSwgeGbmo0IeqGw6CGbVHUL1uyZcZk+mFZlizLNlwYsKgbkCBbt+jS0TnZdJo5NFuRbHUOeRnjZZZBgZa3lnPKOc+HPQ97nIIgB+6e9v/7Rtucc0Ev7vN299RPFEURhCwyBesAxDdR8QgTVDzCBBWPMEHFI0xQ8QgTVDzCBBWPMEHFI0xQ8QgTVDzCBBWPMEHFI0wEzHcB4ugoBKsVishIwO2G0NcHxYoV8AsJkSIf8VLzHvFEnodot0PkOIwPDWGitxdwu6XIRrzYvIun0GgQkJkJQaNBvcWC33U6+KnVUmQjXmzGTW1/fz+qqqpw9erVqceSk5Nx/PhxhIaG3vXa27dvo7KyEs899xweeeQR+Pn5LUxi4hVmHPHCw8ORnp6OdevWoaioCIcPH8bXX3+Nr7766q7X8TyPhoYGXL9+HWazGQ6HY0FDE/mbccRTKpXw9/dHaGgoHn/8cURHR8Pf3x9KpfKu13V2dkKhUCA9PR0RERFwOBxYsmQJ/P39FzQ8ka8H7uN1d3djZGQEOp0OFRUViI+PR05Ozl2vUavVyM3Nxdq1a5GQkAClUom+vr4FC03kb8YRz263o729HZWVlTAYDMjJyUFpaSkiIiLuel1kZCQiIyOnfl6+fPnCpJUBu90Oh8MBQRAAAAEBAYiNjWWcyvPMWLzx8XGo1WpUVVVh8+bNi5VJtn7//XdUVFTAbDbD7Xajp6cHGo0GjY2NrKN5nGmLNzY2BqPRiOvXryM2NhZOpxPBwcGLmU1W/vrrL5SUlEClUuGTTz5BZGQkamtr0d7ezjqaR5q2eBMTE+jv70d8fDwmJyfB8zwVbwYXL16EIAg4cODA1G7Hpk2b0NLSwjiZZ5q2eFqtFseOHVvMLLI1OjqKmzdvIjQ0FDqdburxpUuXIisri2Eyz0WTBCTgdDoxPDwMpVKJgIB5X/72CVQ8CURERGD16tX48ccfcfv2bQBAb28vsrKy0NvbyzidZ6J/TwkEBgbihRdeQHNzM7Zs2YKgoCBER0fj3Llzd216yT+oeBIJDQ1FWVkZysrKWEeRBdrUEiaoeIQJKh5hgopHmKDiSairqwtDQ0OsY8gCFU8iw8PDqKmpgcViYR1FFqh4EnC73fjmm29QXV0Nm83GOo4sUPHmaXJyEg0NDaivr0dgYODUPDwyMzqBPE9dXV347LPPkJWVRR9wmgMa8eZhYGAAZWVliIiIQEFBAU0bmwMq3kNyuVwwGo0YGBjA4cOHoVKpWEeSFSreQ3C73TCZTDCZTHjllVd8+jMmD4uK9xAuXLgAg8GAl19+GevWrWMdR5aoeHP0888/o6KiAvv27aPZxfNAxZuDW7du4cSJE3jmmWfw1FNPsY4ja1S8Werv78epU6eQmJiInTt33nM3BTI3VLxZ4DgOp0+fhkKhQGFhIcLCwlhHkj0q3gNwHIezZ8+ira0Ne/bsQVxcHJ0olgBduZiBIAgwm824evUq9u7di/T0dNaRvAaNeNMQBAHNzc2oqalBWloaHcFKjIo3jf7+fhgMBixbtgxPP/00HUxIjIp3H06nE2fOnMHg4CCef/55aLVa1pG8DhXvPs6cOQOLxYJDhw5hxYoVrON4JSrev5w/fx5nz57FgQMHsHbtWtZxvBYV7/9cunQJ77zzDo4cOQK9Xs86jlfz6eLxPI+JiQkAQE9PD0pLS7F//35kZ2fTzXcWmE//dbu6ujA6OorY2FgcO3YMOTk5yMvLo5uGLwKfLZ7D4YDZbIa/vz9MJhNUKhV27dpFs4gXic8Wr6OjA3V1dVNfn1BcXIyoqCjWsXyGT+7j8TyP1tZWXLhwAVeuXIFGo8HAwACcTudDL1MQBAiCAI7j6JNms+CTIx7HcRgcHERKSgry8vKwd+9eLF26dF7LtFqt6O3tRXNzM0ZGRhAeHi5RWu/kkyOe3W7HH3/8gW3btqGwsHDepZucnMS1a9fQ2NiIuro6tLa20qj3AD5XPIfDgerq6qm5dVLcsbOvrw+Dg4PQaDRITk6GxWKBy+WSIK338rniVVdXw2q1Yt++fYiOjpZkmYIgICMjAxkZGdi6dSvS0tLo5j0P4FP7eAaDAUajEeXl5Vi5cqVky42KioJOp0NoaCiCg4ORmpoKURQlW7438pnitba24q233kJpaSlWrVol6Szif1/lCAwMlGzZ3sonivfnn3/i4MGDOHLkCE3o9BBev4/X29uLt99+G3l5edi+fTvrOOS/vLp4w8PDOH36NJYsWYI9e/bQLGIP4rXFGx4exhdffAGbzYb8/HxoNBrWkcj/8cricRyH77//Hg0NDdixYwdSUlKgUHjlrypbXvduCIKAX3/9FSaTCbm5udDr9VQ6D+RV74goiuju7kZtbS2SkpKwZcsWhISEsI5F7sOrijcxMYGqqiqo1WoUFRXRhXoP5lXFO3nyJCwWC4qLi+lgwsN5xQlkURRx5coVnDp1CgaDgb6qUwZkXzxBEGCxWPDqq6+ipKQEycnJrCORWZD9pralpQVvvPEGXnrpJeTm5rKOQ2ZJ1sXr6elBeXk5srOzsWvXLtZxyBzItnh37tzBRx99BK1Wi4KCAvocrMzIsnhjY2MwGo0YGhrC7t276dNhMiS7YYLjONTX1+O3335DQUEBVq5c6dF36OQ4DkajEZ9++unUY+Hh4Th69ChWrVrFMBlbHjfidXd349y5c+jo6LjnOUEQcOPGDXz55ZfIzs7GY4895vGb2ICAACQlJSEqKgo5OTnYv38/2tvb8cMPP4DjONbxmPGo4o2Pj6O2thYffPABBgYG7nnearWitrYWTzzxBPLy8mQxzUmhUEClUiEoKAibN28Gz/PQarVISUnx6ZnKHlW81tZWcByHjIwMjIyM3PWc0+nEhx9+CJ7nkZ+f/9DfHfa/67n19fVSRJ6VoaEhvPvuu1i9ejVqa2vx3nvvYf369R69i7DQPGY71dfXh8bGRmRmZqKurg5DQ0MQRRF+fn7geR4lJSW4fPky3n///fuOhnPhcrnQ1NSE8vJyFBcXIyUlRZLf4d//LMDf1487Ojrw5ptv4ujRozAajXjxxRfx+uuvIzU1VZL1ypFHFG9ychIWiwUnT54E8PepkoSEBDidToSEhKCzsxMXL14Ez/M4dOjQvNfndrthtVoxNjaGlpYWhIWFSTZ1qrCw8J512Ww2xMbGAgBCQkJgs9nmdbsMb+ARxWtra0NbWxuuXbsGADhx4gSGh4enipeYmIhvv/1WknWJooi2tjaYTCaMjIxgx44dWLNmzYIdpJw/fx6XLl2CXq/H559/DpPJhMzMTMTFxS3I+uSCefG+++47VFZWYvny5bhz5w4cDgeamprQ2dkJvV6PJ598UtKdcFEU4XQ6sWnTJiQmJi74AcqtW7cQHx8Pm80Gm82G9PR07Ny5U7IPk8sV8+IJgoDU1FRERERAFEWIogi9Xo+UlBSo1WrJ16dQKPDoo49KvtzpHD9+fNHWJSfMi7dx40Zs3Lhx6ueYmBj6Dlgf4FGnU4jvoOIRJqh4hAkqHmGC+cEFYcdut6OzsxNutxsxMTGIjIyExWKB2+1GUFCQZFd07odGPC80Pj4Oq9UKnudnfN3NmzdRVFSEZ599FpcvXwbHcXjttddw8OBBlJaWLmhGGvG8kMvlwk8//QSXy4WMjAwkJCTc98pMZmYmCgoKYLfbsWHDBqhUKuzevRtr1qzB+vXrFzSj5MWrqalBY2Oj1Islc9Te3g6z2YzU1FQUFhZi27Zt99xVISgoCMnJyWhqaoLT6cSNGzfg7++/4KUDJC7e9u3b0d7eLot5ct5MEAS4XC40NzdDo9FAp9NN+zVZWq0WHMdhbGwMFosFW7duXZSMfqKEN+vleR4KhYK+C4whQRDQ2dkJs9kMnU6HpKQkREdHT/ue/PLLL/j4448RFhaG/Pz8RbuzlqQjni/PqPUUCoUCMTExWLZsGYKDgx846yY8PBw9PT2Ii4tDTEzMot1Ziw4uvJBSqZz17o5arUZaWho2bNgArVa7wMn+IemmlpDZovN4hAkqHmGCikeYoOIRJqh4hAkqHmGCikeYoOIRJqh4hIn/AG7oG3TFC78kAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
Physics-General
Physics-
In pressure-volume diagram given below, the isochoric, isothermal, and isobaric parts respectively, are
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In pressure-volume diagram given below, the isochoric, isothermal, and isobaric parts respectively, are
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
Four curves A, B, C and D are drawn in the adjoining figure for a given amount of gas. The curves which represent adiabatic and isothermal changes are
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Four curves A, B, C and D are drawn in the adjoining figure for a given amount of gas. The curves which represent adiabatic and isothermal changes are
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
P-V plots for two gases during adiabatic process are shown in the figure. Plots 1 and 2 should correspond respectively to
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
P-V plots for two gases during adiabatic process are shown in the figure. Plots 1 and 2 should correspond respectively to
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General